1. 1 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 READ ME This slide does not publish during presentation. Read the notes

2. Presented to: Instructors and Pilot Examiners Date: October 1, 2009 By: The FAA Safety Team Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 Module 5, Core Topics 9 and 10: Safety Trends in GA Risk Management

3. 3 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Safety Trends: In this module, we: Learn lessons from an NTSB report Introduce the Nall Report Understand frequent accident categories Strategies to prevent them

4. 4 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Read Me This slide does not publish Read the notes

5. 5 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 PRESCRIPTION FOR AN ACCIDENT Photo courtesy LOU FSDO

6. 6 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Photo courtesy LOU FSDO

7. 7 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 The pilot owned his plane for 19 years. Photo courtesy LOU FSDO

8. 8 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 No evidence of any maintenance of any kind for YEARS! Photo courtesy LOU FSDO

9. 9 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Photo courtesy LOU FSDO Right-side fuel cap

10. 10 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 From the carburetor – where’s the fuel? Photos courtesy LOU FSDO 1 2 3

11. 11 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 All these prescriptions belonged to the pilot. All were in the plane and were being taken at the time of the flight. Photo courtesy LOU FSDO

12. 12 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Buckle is tucked in between the seat cushion and the spring! Photo courtesy LOU FSDO

13. 13 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 What is this? Photo courtesy LOU FSDO

14. 14 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Pilot was a fatality. Photo courtesy LOU FSDO

15. 15 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Links in this accident chain... 1.Lack of Maintenance 2.Lack of Preflight 3.Medical Condition 4.Medications 5.Get to LEX-itis 6.Lack of Seatbelt/Harness use You are thinking, “I would never do that” … BUT

16. 16 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 The Real Cause Was Getting comfortable with poor habits. He no longer saw anything wrong with his personal operating standards.

17. 17 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Lessons Learned 1.Re-evaluate habits 2.Never get too comfortable in our habits 3.Discipline to make needed changes 4.Allow others to evaluate us Photo courtesy Cessna Pilot Centers

18. 18 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Watch for complacency Encourage safe operating standards During flight reviews and aircraft checkouts, you must bring pilots with bad habits back into proper perspective. Lessons for CFIs

19. 19 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Photo courtesy LOU FSDO

20. 20 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Read Me This slide does not publish Read the notes

21. 21 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 NTSB Reports

22. 22 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Yearly Accident Trend Summary Source: 2008 AOPA Nall Report

23. 23 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 2007 Personal Flight Accident Trend 39.4% of all GA flying 69.1% of total accidents 72.9% of fatal accidents Source: 2008 AOPA Nall Report

24. 24 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 2007 Pilot Related Accident Trends Source: 2008 AOPA Nall Report Weather Maneuvering Descent/Approach

25. 25 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 2007 Weather Accidents Source: 2008 AOPA Nall Report VFR into IMC

26. 26 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Why Are We Here? Personal Flight Pilot Related –Maneuvering –Approach and Landing –VFR into IMC Future CFI Workshops will focus on maneuvering and approach/landing. Source: 2008 AOPA Nall Report

27. 27 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 How it Happens 1/2 SM visibility 1 SM visibility 3 SM visibility 5 SM visibility 10 SM visibility 1.Accuracy of estimating in-fight visibility 2.Pilot over-confidence in decision making 3.Willingness to take risks

28. 28 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Preventing VFR into IMC - Ideas for the future Encourage pilots/students to make the Go or No/Go weather decision.

29. 29 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Ideas for the Future VFR Not Recommended Photo from www.flightaware.com

30. 30 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Ideas for the future Fly in or near weather

31. 31 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Ideas for the future Fly more cross countries Combine lessons for longer cross counties Multiple students to vacation destinations

32. 32 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Ideas for the future Plane capable AND pilot capable Manage expectations Schedule an alternate plan Continue? Divert? Land?

33. 33 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Ideas for the future Continue to build your skills and confidence

34. 34 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 AOPA Nall Report Available at www.aopa.org/asf/publications

35. 35 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Summary None of the hours in the logbook matter as much as this minute in the cockpit. Source: 2008 AOPA Nall Report

36. 36 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Read Me This slide does not publish Read the notes

37. 37 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Accident Trends by Flight Hours Source: 2008 AOPA Nall Report

38. 38 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 Safety Trends in GA Questions? Comments? Ideas? Quiz time

39. 39 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Safety Trends Question #1 The increased costs of aircraft operation will have a positive effect on aviation accidents due to the resultant decrease in the number of General Aviation flight hours. True or false?

40. 40 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Safety Trends Question #2 The General Aviation Joint Steering Committee conducts it’s work in three subgroups; a)Flight Instruction, 135 on demand operators, and Sport Pilots. b)Technically Advanced Aircraft, Flight Instruction, and Turbine Aircraft Operations. c)Personal/Sport Aviation, Technically Advanced Aircraft, and Turbine Aircraft Operations.

41. 41 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Safety Trends Question #3 The objective of the Automation Subgroup is to; a) Research Technically Advanced Aircraft (TAA) issues. b) Develop computer programs. c) Develop Training for FAASafety.Gov.

42. 42 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Safety Trends Question #4 What is the most significant causal factor decline that has been identified in General Aviation accidents since the Wright Brother Days? a) Maintenance b) Flight Operations c) Ground operations d) Flying under the influence of alcohol

43. 43 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Safety Trends Question #5 It is possible to identify certain segments flight operations such as, takeoff, landing, and low altitude maneuvering during which there is an increased potential for accidents. True or false? Answers follow ~

44. 44 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Safety Trends Question #1 The increased costs of aircraft operation will have a positive effect on aviation accidents due to the resultant decrease in the number of General Aviation flight hours. True or false? Answer ~ False, the number of operations may decrease but pilot proficiency also declines. – FAASTeam accepted statistical evidence.

45. 45 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Safety Trends Question #2 The General Aviation Joint Steering Committee conducts it’s work in three subgroups; a)Flight Instruction, 135 on demand operators, and Sport Pilots. b)Technically Advanced Aircraft, Flight Instruction, and Turbine Aircraft Operations. c)Personal/Sport Aviation, Technically Advanced Aircraft, and Turbine Aircraft Operations. Answer ~ c) – These subgroups are a matter of record.

46. 46 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Safety Trends Question #3 The objective of the Automation Subgroup is to; a) Research Technically Advanced Aircraft (TAA) issues b) Develop computer programs c) Develop Training for FAASafety.Gov Answer ~ a) – Research TAA aviation safety issues

47. 47 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Safety Trends Question #4 What is the most significant causal factor decline that has been identified in General Aviation accidents since the Wright Brother Days? a) Maintenance b) Flight Operations c) Ground operations d)Flying under the influence of alcohol Answer ~ d) Maintenance – Trend identified by the data sources mentioned previously.

48. 48 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Safety Trends Question #5 It is possible to identify certain segments flight operations such as, takeoff, landing, and low altitude maneuvering during which there is an increased potential for accidents. True or false? Answer ~ True – For example NTSB statistics demonstrate that over the past years a significant number of aviation mishaps occur when takeoff, landing, or go-around maneuvers are being accomplished.

49. 49 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Take a Break!

50. Federal Aviation Administration Risk Management for Flight Instructors

51. 51 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 The pilot lost control after the aircraft touched down on one wheel, swerved sharply, hit several runway lights, left the runway, and came to rest in the airport boundary fence. The winds were 60-degrees crosswind to the runway at 32KTS with gusts to 40. What caused this incident?

52. 52 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Risk Management – A Definition: The part of the decision making process which relies on; situational awareness problem recognition and, good judgment to reduce risks associated with each flight.

53. 53 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Teaching Risk Management Hazard Identification Risk Assessment Time critical framework Risk Management Controls

54. 54 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Risk Assessment 3SM visibility – is it a risk? For a student pilot? 100 hr. VFR-only private pilot? 500 hr. IFR pilot flying in the mountains 1,000 hr. IFR pilot with 5 hrs experience in a glass cockpit? 1,500 hr. ATP pilot flying in busy airspace? Photo AOPA Gallery

55. 55 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Where to Land? West at 10,500MSL To Portland, Oregon Cessna 172 (TAS 110KIAS) Snow showers reduced visibility 5:35pm local time Fuel remaining is about 90 minutes. What will you do? VFR-Only 200-hr private pilot

56. 56 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 10,500MSL Cessna 172 5:35pm local time 90 minutes fuel

57. 57 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Hazard Identification Pilot Aircraft Environment Situation www.skyvectors.com

58. 58 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Hazardous Attitudes and Antidotes Anti-authority – Don’t tell me. –Follow the rules, they are usually right Impulsivity – Do something – do it now. –Not so fast, think first Invulnerability – It won’t happen to me. –It could happen to me. Macho – I can do it. –Taking chances is foolish. Resignation – What’s the use? –I can make a difference.

59. 59 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 5:35pm local time 60 minutes fuel Time Critical Framework

60. 60 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Risk Management Controls (1) Identify personal hazardous attitudes. (2) Learn to recognize and cope with stress. (3) Develop risk assessment skills. (4) Use all resources. (5) Evaluate the effectiveness of decisions.

61. 61 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 D.E.C.I.D.E D = Detect E = Estimate C = Choose I = Identify D = Do E = Evaluate Photo: Quest Kodiak 100

62. 62 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Including Risk Management into Flight Training Situations to stimulate decision making Practice problem solving Create circumstances that make unsafe judgments look appealing

63. 63 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Scenario Database At 7:00PM, after an exhausting 3-day business meeting, you load the rental plane and file VFR for a 2-hr flight. You discover your only pair of reading glasses was left back at the hotel. You have no problem seeing distance but can’t read panel gauges or a chart very well. Weather is 3,500 ceiling, 5SM visibility with 15 kt crosswinds at your designation. If you depart in the next 20 minutes you can land before dark. You decide to: A. Depart and fly to land before dark. Purchase a new pair of glasses at your destination. B. Call the hotel, if they have your glasses go get them and takeoff late this evening. C. Call the hotel, if they do not have your glasses, spend the night. Tomorrow purchase a new pair and fly takeoff. D. Call the hotel, if they have your glasses, go get them, spend the night and takeoff in the morning. From: www.avhf.com

64. 64 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 5:35pm local time 90 minutes fuel What Would You Do?

65. 65 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Evaluating Pilot’s Decision Making Use a decision making process, (such as the DECIDE model) when making decisions that will have an effect on the outcome of the flight. Pilot should be able to explain factors and alternatives that were considered. Detect – Estimate – Choose – Identify – Do – Evaluate Recognize and explain any hazardous attitudes that may have influenced any decision. Decide and execute an appropriate course of action to handle any situation that arises that may cause a change in the original flight plan in such a way that leads to a safe and successful conclusion of the flight.

66. 66 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Evaluating Pilot’s Risk Management Assess the potential risk associated with planned flight during preflight planning and in flight. Explain risk elements with the given scenario and how each was assessed. Use a tool, such as PAVE to assess the risk elements. Pilot – Aircraft – enVironment – External Factors

67. 67 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Evaluating Pilot’s Risk Management Assess the potential risk associated with planned flight during preflight planning and in flight. Use a personal checklist, such as “I’MSAFE”, to determine personal risks. I llness – M edication – S tress – A lcohol – F atigue – E ating Explain how risks are likely to change as the flight progresses and options for mitigating risks. Information on the D.E.C.I.D.E., P.A.V.E., and I.M.S.A.F.E. checklists can be found at: www.faa.gov > (search for) “Flight Instructor Training Module” and Advisory Circular “AC 60-22”www.faa.gov

68. 68 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 Risk Management Questions? Comments? Ideas? Quiz time

69. 69 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Risk Management Question #1 Which of the following are hazardous attitudes? a) Tormenter b) Macho c) Recluse d) Quarrelsome

70. 70 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Risk Management Question #2 Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks. True or False?

71. 71 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Risk Management Question #3 Is it a “Hazard, or Risk” that is anything, real or potential, that could make possible, or contribute to making possible, an accident?

72. 72 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Risk Management Question #4 An excellent tool in making good aeronautical decisions is the D.E.C.I.D.E model. What are the six attributes of the D.E.C.I.D.E? a)Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate b)Drop, Evacuate, Criticize, Indemnify, Decimate, Exacerbate c)Determine, Eliminate, Choose, Initiate, Divert, Evacuate d)None of the above Answers follow ~

73. 73 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Risk Management Question #1 Which of the following are hazardous attitudes? a) Tormenter b) Macho c) Recluse d) Quarrelsome Answer ~ b) Macho – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

74. 74 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Risk Management Question #2 Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks. True or False? Answer ~ a) True – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

75. 75 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Risk Management Question #3 Is it a “Hazard, or Risk” that is anything, real or potential, that could make possible, or contribute to making possible, an accident? Answer ~ “Hazard” – Managing the Risk of Organizational Accidents – James Reason

76. 76 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 Risk Management Question #4 An excellent tool in making good aeronautical decisions is the D.E.C.I.D.E model. What are the six attributes of the D.E.C.I.D.E? a)Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate b)Drop, Evacuate, Criticize, Indemnify, Decimate, Exacerbate c)Determine, Eliminate, Choose, Initiate, Divert, Evacuate d)None of the above Answer ~ a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate – AC 60-22, Chapter 5, figure 6

77. 77 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 For More Info Train Like You Fly, a flight instructor’s guide to scenario based training. Send comments to: Arlynn McMahon 2009 National Flight Instructor of the Year arlynn@aerotech.net

78. 78 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 October 1, 2009 This completes CFI Workshop Module #5 Be sure to have your attendance record validated See you for Module #6