1. Seismic Measurement-Systems And Data Acquisition LandMarine

2. Seismic Measurement-Systems LandMarine

3. Seismic System SourceReceiver Computer Seismic waves

4. Seismic sources Important properties: Energy Waveform Repeatability Cost and use in the field

5. Seismic/Acoustic spectrum

6. Seismic sources and receivers On landOn water Sources: Impact Sledge hammer Drop-weight Accelerated weight ImpulsiveDynamite Detonating cord Airgun Shotgun Borehole sparker Airgun Pinger Gas gun Boomer Sleeve gun Sparker Water gun Steam gun VibratorVibroseis Vibrator plate Rayleigh wave generator Multipulse Geochirp Receivers:Geophone, accelerometer Hydrophones (streamers)

12. Hammer

13. Shear wave hammer

14. Dynamite (explosive impulsive source): 40% of the seismic measurements Not really repeatable Exact time of detonation is difficult to obtain Detonators are sometimes used for shallow applications High energy For each application the amount of dynamite can be adjusted dynamite Trigger cable

15. Betsy gun Shot fired into a protected chamber

17. Vibrator:Vibroseis truck

18. Reynolds, 1997

19. Earliest known seismoscope Used to indicate the occurrence of an earthquake in the year 138 (Reynolds)

20. Principle of a geophone

21. Characteristic of a geophone Damping factor: h Critical damping (h=1) is minimum amount required which will stop any oscillation of the system from occurring. Most geophones are slightly underdamped, typically around h=0.6-0.66. Damping can be changed by changing the shunt resistor (Reynolds)

22. Geophone array Clustered geophones (no filter effect) Geophone arrays

23. Marine seismic data acquisition PGS J.W. Schoolmeesters

24. Inside of an airgun (Bolt-Systems)

25. Response from an airgun

26. Air gun array One air gun Array of air guns

27. Sonobuoy

28. Chirp: Marine Vibrator 5-100 Hz Sweep of 6 seconds

29. Hydrophone Principle of piezoelectric effect Voltage proportional to the variation of the pressure

30. Acquisition Techniques Ocean Bottom Cable Streamer Vertical Cable Dragged ArrayAnchored Cable PGS J.W. Schoolmeesters

31. Marine streamer

32. Multi-channel seismic recording system

33. (Kearey and Brooks, 1991) Registration of the measured data at certain time intervals Sampling interval  sampling rate (sampling frequency) 1/  Sampling will preserve all frequencies up to the Nyquist frequency: f N =1/(2  ), T N = 2  : two samples per period is the minimum! sampling 12 samples per period

34. Aliasing (Kearey and Brooks, 1991) Nyquist Frequency: f Ny 1 2 ---   = Typical sampling intervals: 0.25, 0.5 ms: High resolution seismic 1 ms, 2 ms Oil exploration 4 ms or larger Crust seismic  8 samples per period 6 samples per 5 periods two samples per period are needed to avoid aliasing

35. Range which can be measured using different number of bits: 8-bit :1 mV - 256 mV 24-bit: 1  V - 16 V Dynamic range Dynamic range is expressed in dB: Examples:

36. Working of an AD-converter 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 = 1+..+4+..+16+32+..+..

37. Saving requirements depend on: Number of channels Number of values per channel (Sampling rate,Time window of sampling) Number of bytes per sampled value Example Channels:96 Sampling rate:2 ms Time window:0.8 s Format:4 Bytes per value  (800 / 2) Values x 96 channels x 4 Bytes = 0.146 MBytes Saving requirements

38. Question Sampling at 4ms intervals  What is the Nyquist frequency  In absence of anti-alias filtering, at what frequency would noise at 200 Hz be aliased back into the Nyquistinterval? f N =1/(2  )=125 Hz 125-(200-125)=50Hz