1. 12 Inventory Management PowerPresentation® prepared by
David J. McConomy, Queen’s University

2. Learning Objectives
Describe the traditional inventory management model.
Describe JIT inventory management.

3. Learning Objectives
Describe the theory of constraints and explain how it can be used to manage inventory.

4. Basics of Traditional Inventory Management
Inventory Costs
Ordering Costs
Setup Costs
Carrying Costs
Stockout Costs 3

5. Inventory Costs
1. Ordering Costs: The costs of placing and receiving an order
Examples: clerical costs, documents, insurance for shipment, and unloading.
2. Setup Costs: The costs of preparing equipment and facilities so they can be used to produce a particular product or component
Examples: setup labour, lost income (from idled facilities), and test runs. When a firm produces the goods internally, ordering costs are replaced by setup costs.

6. Inventory Costs (continued)
3. Carrying Costs: The costs of keeping inventory
Examples: insurance, obsolescence, opportunity cost of funds tied up in inventory, handling costs and storage space.
4. Stockout Costs: The costs of not having sufficient inventory
Examples: lost sales (both current and future), costs of expediting (increased transportation charges, overtime, etc.) and the costs of interrupted production.

7. Why Inventory Is Needed: Traditional View
Dealing with uncertainty of demand
Dealing with uncertainty of supply
Dealing with unreliable production processes

8. Why Inventory Is Needed: Traditional View (continued)
To buffer against production interruptions
To take advantage of discounts
To hedge against future price increases

9. The Appropriate Inventory Policy
Two Basic Questions Must be Addressed
How much should be ordered or produced?
When should the order be placed or the setup be performed?

10. An Inventory Model Total Costs = Ordering costs + Carrying costs
TC = PD/Q + CQ/2
where TC = The total ordering (or setup) and carrying costs
P = The cost of placing and receiving an order (or the cost of setting up a production run)
D = The known annual demand
Q = The number of units ordered in each order (or the lot size for production)
C = The cost of carrying one unit of stock for one year
Economic order quantity (EOQ) =  2PD/C 7

11. An EOQ Illustration EOQ =  2PD/C D = 10,000 units Q = 1,000 units
P = $25 per order
C = $2 per unit
EOQ =  (2 x 25 x 10,000) / 2
EOQ =  250,000
EOQ = 500 units 8

12. Reorder Point When Demand is Certain
Reorder point = Rate of usage x Lead time
Example: Assume that the average rate of usage is 50 units per day for a component. Assume also that the time required to place and receive an order is 4 days. What is the reorder point?
Reorder point = 4 x 50 = 200 units
Thus, an order should be placed when inventory drops to 200 units.

13. Reorder Point When Demand is Uncertain
(Ave. rate of usage x Lead time) + Safety stock
where:
Safety stock =
(Maximum usage - Average usage) x Lead time

14. Reorder Point (continued)
Example:
Suppose that the maximum usage is 60 units per day and the average usage is 50 units per day. The lead time is 4 days.
What is the reorder point?
Safety stock = ( ) x 4 = 40 units
Reorder point = (50 x 4) + 40 = 240 units

15. Reorder Point (no safety stock)
Reorder point = Rate of usage x Lead time
100 80 60 40 20
ROP
Time

16. Traditional versus JIT Inventory Procedures
Inventory Control Systems
Traditional Systems
JIT Systems
1. Balance setup and carrying costs
2. Satisfy customer demand
3. Avoid manufacturing shutdowns
4. Take advantage of discounts
5. Hedge against future price increases
1. Drive setup and carrying costs to zero
2. Use due-date performance
*3. Total preventive maintenance
*4. Total quality control
*5. The Kanban system
*Rather than holding inventories as a hedge against plant-shutdowns,
JIT attacks the plant-shutdown problem by addressing these issues. 11

17. JIT And Inventory Management Setup and Carrying Costs: The JIT Approach
JIT reduces the costs of acquiring inventory to insignificant levels by:
Drastically reducing setup time
Using long-term contracts for outside purchases
Carrying costs are reduced to insignificant levels by reducing inventories to insignificant levels

18. JIT And Inventory Management Due-Date Performance: The JIT Solution
Lead times are reduced so that the company can meet requested delivery dates and to respond quickly to customer demand.
Lead times are reduced by:
reducing setup times
improving quality
using cellular manufacturing

19. JIT And Inventory Management Avoidance of Shutdown: The JIT Approach
Total preventive maintenance to reduce machine failures
Total quality control to reduce defective parts
Cultivation of supplier relationships to ensure availability of quality raw materials and subassemblies
The use of the Kanban system is also essential

20. JIT And Inventory Management JIT Purchasing Versus Holding Inventories
Careful vendor selection
Long-term contracts with vendors
Prices are stipulated (usually producing a significant savings)
Quality is stipulated
The number of orders placed are reduced

21. What is the Kanban System?
A Card System is used to monitor work-in-process
A withdrawal Kanban
A production Kanban
A vendor Kanban 12

22. The Withdrawal Kanban Item No. TVD-114 Preceding Process
Item Name LCD Screen Computer Assembly
Computer Type Compaq 4/25
Box Capacity Subsequent Process
Box Type AD Final Assembly 13

23. The Production Kanban Item No. TVD-114 Process
Item Name LCD Screen Computer Assembly
Computer Type Contra 4/25
Box Capacity
Box Type ___C 14

24. The Vendor Kanban Item No. TVD-114
Item Name Computer Chassis Type Black Plastic
Box Capacity Location North Receiving Gate
Box Type Cardboard--Type A
Time to Deliver :30 AM., 12:30 P.M., 2:30 P.M.
Name of Vendor Hovey Supply Company 15

25. The Kanban Process (7) Withdrawal Store (1) Lot with P-Kanban
CB Assembly
(5) Attach
W-Kanban
(1) Remove
W-Kanban
Attach to Post
(6) Signal
Remove
(4) P-Kanban
Attach to Post CB
Store
(2), (3)
Withdrawal Post
Production
Ordering Post
Final Assembly 16

26. Theory of Constraints Three Measures of Organizational Performance
Throughput
Inventory
Operating expenses 17

27. The Theory of Constraints: Five Steps to Improve Performance
1. Identify the organization’s constraint(s).
2. Exploit the binding constraint(s).
3. Subordinate everything else to the decisions made in Step 2.
4. Elevate the binding constraint(s).
5. Repeat the process. 18

28. The Drum-Buffer-Rope System
Raw Materials
Initial Process
Process C
Rope
Process A
Final Process
Process B
Finished Goods
Time Buffer
Drummer Process 19