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Published byNya Swims Modified over 9 years ago
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The Reformation
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Martin Luther Excellent education, became a priest in 1505 1510 he traveled to Rome and witnessed personally many of the church abuses he had heard about
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Swiss Reformation Switzerland, like Germany was confederation of autonomous cantons Some became Protestant, some remained Catholic Ulrich Zwingli (1484 – 1531) – Protestant reformer in Zurich – Humanistic education – Influenced by Erasmus
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Reformation under Zwingli HRE
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Zwingli 1519 – competition for position as “people’s priest” … negative campaign … fornication First act as reformer was to end clerical celibacy … right of clergy to marry Whatever lacked literal support in scripture was to be neither believed or practiced
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Zwingli vs. Luther “Throw down” over transubstantiation Zwingli (spirit) … Luther (body) 1529 at Marburg, debate … issues NOT resolved … Luther called Zwingli a “dangerous fanatic” Zwingli … symbolic Luther … transubstantiation
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Swiss Civil Wars Civil Wars began between Protestant and Catholic cantons Mostly skirmishes, but there were two major battles … June 1529 and October 1531 VS
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Calvinism In the second half of the 16 th century Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the dominant Protestant force in Europe Prevalent in France, Netherlands and Scotland Calvinism … Predestination AND individual responsibility to reorder society according to God’s plan
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HRE Reformation under Calvin
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Anabaptism Important radical group that broke from Protestant reform movement 16 th century ancestors of modern Mennonites and Amish From the Greek meaning “to rebaptize”
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Others Spiritualists – Isolated individuals distinguished by their distain for institutions – Only authority was God’s spirit … spoke to individuals Antitrinitarians – Common sense, rational, ethical – Rejected original sin and predestination – Religious toleration
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Diet of Augsburg Directed by Charles V (HRE) Protestant and Catholic representatives They left with orders for everyone to return to Catholic church TOO LATE 1531 formation of the Schmalkaldic League (defensive alliance)
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Expansion and Resistance Denmark … Christian II, Frederick I, Christian III … Sweden … King Gustavus Vasa Poland … politically splintered … no resistance to Lutherans, Calvinists, Anabaptists, etc.
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Peace of Augsburg September 1555 Peace of Augsburg made division of Christendom permanent Cuius regio, eius religio – Ruler of the land would determine the religion of the land – Religion of the land would match the owner/ruler of the land – Applied to Catholics and Lutherans … NOT Calvinists
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People, Places, Vocab Martin Luther John Tetzel Vernacular Justification by faith alone Purgatory Indulgences Charles V Leo X Ninety-five theses Diet of Worms Cantons Ulrich Zwingli Transubstantiation Anabaptists John Calvin Predestination Schmalkaldic League Peace of Augsburg (1555)
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