1. Trading off space for passes in graph streaming problems Camil Demetrescu Irene Finocchi Andrea Ribichini University of Rome “La Sapienza” Dagstuhl Seminar 05361

2. Processing massive data streams Large body of work in recent years Practically motivated, raises interesting theoretical questions Areas: Databases, Sensors, Networking, Hardware, Programming lang. Core problems: Algorithms, Complexity, Statistics, Probability, Approximation theory

3. Classical streaming input stream M 1st pass MMMM 2nd pass MMM p = number of passes s = size of working memory M (space in bits) n = size of input stream (# of items)

4. Classical streaming Seminal work by Munro and Paterson (1980): pass-efficient selection and sorting Several problems shown to be solvable with polylog(n) space and passes in the 90’s (e.g., approximating frequency moments) Classical streaming is very restrictive: for many fundamental problems (e.g., on graphs) provably impossible to achieve polylog(n) space and passes

5. Graph streaming problems For many basic graph problems (e.g., connectivity, shortest paths): passes = Ω (N/space) ( N = number of vertices ) Recent interest in graph problems in “semi-streaming” models, where: space = O( N · polylog(N) ) passes = O( polylog(N) ) [Feigenbaum et al., ICALP 2004] O(N · polylog(N)) space “sweet spot” for graph streaming problems [Muthukrishnan, 2001]

6. Graph algorithms in classical streaming Approximate triangle counting [Bar-Yossef et al., SODA 2002] Matching, bipartiteness, connectivity, MST, t-spanners, … [Feigenbaum et al., ICALP 2004, SODA 2005] All of them make one, or very few passes, but require Ω(N) space

7. Trading off space for passes Natural question: Can we reduce space if we do more passes? [Munro and Paterson ‘80, Henzinger et al. ‘99] Example: Processing a 50 GB graph on a 1 GB RAM PC (4 billion vertices, 6 billion edges) s =  (N/p) algorithm: ~16 passes (a few hours) s =  (N) algorithm: out of memory (16 GB RAM would be required)

8. Some facts on modern commodity I/O A RAID disk controller can deliver 100 MB/s access rate On a 1+ GHz Pentium PC, random access to 2GB of main memory in 32 byte chunks: 80 MB/s effective access rate Sequential access rates are comparable to (or even faster than) random access rates in main memory: Sequential access uses caches optimally (this makes algorithms cache-oblivious) [Ruhl ‘03 - Rajagopalan ‘02]

9. Some facts on modern commodity I/O  Classical read-only streaming perhaps overly pessimistic?  Why not exploiting temporary storage? Above facts imply that both reading and writing sequentially can improve performances External memory storage is cheap (less than a dollar per gigabyte) and readily available

10. interm. stream M 1st pass The StreamSort model [Aggarwal et al.’04] input stream MMMMMMM output stream 2nd pass M MMMMMMM use a sorting primitive to reorder the stream

11. How much power does sorting yield? Open problem: No clue on how to get polylog(N) bounds for Shortest Paths (even BFS) in StreamSort Good news: Undirected connectivity can be solved in polylog(N) space and passes in StreamSort [Aggarwal et al., FOCS 2004]

12. Dish of the day In this model, we show effective space/passes tradeoffs for natural graph streaming problems - Connectivity - Single-source shortest paths We address: We show that StreamSort can yield interesting results even without using sorting at all (call this more restrictive model W-Stream: allows intermediate streams, but no sorting)

13. Graph connectivity UCON: G=(V,E) undirected graph with N vertices given as stream of edges in arbitrary order. Find out if G is connected. Lower bound: UCON in W-Stream p = Ω(N/s) Upper bound: UCON in W-Stream p = O(N · log N / s) We now show the following:

14. Input streamOutput stream GG’ pass F Graph connectivity: algorithm 12 37 5 811 12 11 12 8 5 9 6 10 1 9 4 Generic pass: two phases Red phase Blue phase

15. Graph connectivity: analysis How many passes? At each pass we loose at least |V(F)| / 2 =  (s/log N) vertices Invariant: F is induced by a set of edges  each tree in F contains at least two vertices  p = O( N ·log N / s) All vertices of F that are not component representatives disappear from the output graph

16. Single-source shortest paths SSSP: G=(V,E,w) weighted directed graph with N vertices given as arbitrary stream of edges. Find distances from a given source t to all other vertices. Lower bound 1: BFS in W-Stream: p = Ω(N / s) Lower bound 2: finding vertices up to constant distance d: p ≤ d  s = Ω( N 1+1/(2d) ) [Feigenbaum et al., SODA 2005] Space-efficient algorithms for SSSP always require multiple passes

17. Single-source shortest paths Hard even using sorting as a primitive No sublinear-space streaming algorithm for SSSP previously known. We make a first step, showing that we can solve SSSP in W-Stream in sublinear space and passes simultaneously in directed graphs with small integer edge weights Previous results on distances in streaming: approximate (spanners) in undirected graphs only

18. Single-source shortest paths: bound For C = O(s 1/2-  ) and polynomial sublinear space, we also get sublinear p Thm: For any space restriction s, there is a randomized one-sided error algorithm for directed SSSP in W-Stream with edge weights in {1,2,…,C} s.t.: p = O C ·N ·log 3/2 N √s In this talk we focus on C=1 (BFS) p = O N √s ~ p = Ω N s

19. Single-source shortest paths: approach For a given space restriction, this helps us reduce the number of passes to find long paths Overall approach: First build many short paths “in parallel”, then stitch them together to form long paths.

20. Single-source shortest paths: step 1/5 Pick a set K of (s/log N) 1/2 random vertices including source t 16105837249 t Example: (chain)

21. 1111 22 2333 Single-source shortest paths: step 2/5 Find distances up to (N log N) / |K| from each vertex in K (short distances) 16105837249 t Example: (chain) N log N |K| 0000 The more memory we have, the larger |K|, and thus the smaller the # of passes

22. Single-source shortest paths: step 3/5 Build a graph G’ = (K, E’), where: (x,y)  E’  dist(x,y) ≤ (N log N) / |K| in G 16105837249 t Example: (chain) 1574 t 332 G’ 111122 2333 0000

23. 0368 Single-source shortest paths: step 4/5 Find in G’ distances from t to all other vertices of K 16105837249 t Example: (chain) 1574 t 332 G’ 0368

24. Single-source shortest paths: step 5/5 For each v, let: dist(t,v) = min c  K {dist(t,c) + dist(c,v)} (final distances) 16105837249 t Example: (chain) 0368 111122 2333 0000 124579

25. Results are correct with high prob. [Greene & Knuth,’80] Sampling thm. Let K be a set of vertices chosen uniformly at random. Then the probability that a simple path with more than (c ·N · log N) / |K| vertices intersects K is at least 1-1/n c for any c > 0

26. Conclusions and further work We have shown effective space/passes tradeoffs for problems that seem hard in classical streaming (graph connectivity & shortest paths) Can we close the gap between upper and lower bound for BFS in W-Stream? Can we do the same in the classical read-only streaming model? Can we prove stronger lower bounds in classical streaming? Space/passes tradeoffs for other problems?

27. Thank you