1. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 1 Free Powerpoint Templates Project Scheduling Network formation Network Analysis Bar chart Resources Class 4

2. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 2 Network Formation A project network is a tool used for planning, scheduling, and monitoring project progress. Network is a graphical representation of the project or part of it, showing all of the activities and their relationships. Network is developed from the information collected for the WBS.

3. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 3 Definition Activity: is an element of the project that requires time, may or may not require resources. Path: is a sequence of connected, dependent activities Critical Path: is the longest path(s) through the network, if an activity on the path is delayed, the project is delayed the same amount of time. Event: This term is used to represent a point in time when an activity is started or completed. It does not consume time. Predecessor: activity must be completed before Successor: activity must immediately follow it

4. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 4 1 2 3 4 5 START

5. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 5 Basic rules in developing project network 1.Networks flow typically from left to right. 2.An activity cannot begin until all preceding connected activities have been completed. 3.Arrows on networks indicate precedence and flow. Arrows can cross over each other. 4.Each activity should have a unique identification number. 1315

6. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 6 5. An activity identification number must be larger than that of any activities that precede it. 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

7. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 7 6. Looping is not allowed. 7. Condition statements are not allowed. 8. When there are multiple starts, a common start node can be used to indicate a clear project beginning on the network. A B Y Z Dummy

8. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 8 Project Networks There are 2 types:- 1.Activity-on-Arrow (AOA) / Arrow Diagram 2.Activity-on-Node (AON) / Precedence Diagram

9. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 9 Arrow Diagrams The arrow diagram represents an individual project activity that requires time. Arrow diagrams were the first form of network diagram to be developed. The length and slope of the arrow diagram have no significance.

10. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 10 Activities and Events Activities are represented by arrows starting and terminating at nodes or events. START FINISH ACTIVITY

11. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 11 Predecessor-Successor Relationships Time relationships between activities is indicated by connecting activities through events. ACTIVITY1 ACTIVITY2 ACTIVITY1 ACTIVITY3 ACTIVITY2 (2 sources)

12. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 12 Concurrence Relationships Some activities can be performed at the same time, referred to as concurrent activities. ACTIVITY1 ACTIVITY2

13. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 13 Dummy Activities Sometimes the logic of the operation cannot be adequately described using only real activities and dummy activities need to be created. ACTIVITY1 ACTIVITY3 ACTIVITY2 ACTIVITY4

14. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 14 ACTIVITY2 ACTIVITY1 Dummy activities have no duration, cost nothing, and use no resources. Dummy activities are normally drawn using dotted lines.

15. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 15 Artificial Activity An artificial activity is used to create a delay. It has a duration, but no cost or resources. Circuits As such circuits or loops are not possible, should avoid.

16. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 16 Aggregated Activity Occasionally it is conventional to group a collection of activities and replace this group with a single activity. A B C D H F G E

17. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 17 Example – Arrow diagram ActivityPredecessor A- B- CA DB EB FC, D GE

18. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 18 Case#1 Arrow diagram ActivityPreceding Activity Activity Times A-5 BA15 CA10 DA5 EB, C15 FB, C, D10 GF170 HE, G35

19. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 19 Case#2 Arrow diagram ActivityPreceding Activity A- B- CA, B D E FC, D GE HF IF, G

20. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 20 Case#3 Bridge building – Arrow diagram Activity Code OperationDependenceDuration ENAEarthworks, north side-5 ESAEarthworks, south sideENA4 CONNConstruction, north sideENA14 CONSConstruction, south sideESA, CONN12 COMNCompaction, north sideCONN2 COMSCompaction, south sideCONS, COMN2 RNBRoad, north of bridgeCOMN2 RSBRoad, south of bridgeRNB, COMS2 PBPrefabrication bridge deck-18 TDTransport deck to sitePB2 EBErect bridge deckTD, CONN, CONS, COMN3 LBSLay bridge surfaceEB, RNB, RSB2 ICBInstall crash barriersEB1 LLandscapeRNB, RSB1

21. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 21 Precedence Diagrams In this diagram the nodes represent the activities and the arrows give the precedence relationships between them. Widely availability if personal computers and graphics programs

22. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 22 AOA to AON AB A B C D E

23. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 23 ABD C AB CD

24. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 24 AB C D

25. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 25 Example – Precedence diagram ActivityPredecessor A- B- CA DB EB FC, D GE

26. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 26 Case#4 Precedence diagram ActivityPreceding Activity Activity Times A-5 BA15 CA10 DA5 EB, C15 FB, C, D10 GF170 HE, G35

27. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 27 Case#5 Precedence diagram ActivityPreceding Activity A- B- CA, B D E FC, D GE HF IF, G

28. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 28 Case#6 Bridge building – Precedence diagram Activity Code OperationDependenceDuration ENAEarthworks, north side-5 ESAEarthworks, south sideENA4 CONNConstruction, north sideENA14 CONSConstruction, south sideESA, CONN12 COMNCompaction, north sideCONN2 COMSCompaction, south sideCONS, COMN2 RNBRoad, north of bridgeCOMN2 RSBRoad, south of bridgeRNB, COMS2 PBPrefabrication bridge deck-18 TDTransport deck to sitePB2 EBErect bridge deckTD, CONN, CONS, COMN3 LBSLay bridge surfaceEB, RNB, RSB2 ICBInstall crash barriersEB1 LLandscapeRNB, RSB1

29. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 29 Comparison of AON and AOA AOA method Advantages: 1.Path tracing is simplified by activity/event numbering scheme 2.AOA is easier to draw if dependencies are intense 3.Key events or milestones can easily be flagged Disadvantages: 1.Use of dummy activities increases data requirements 2.Emphasis on events can distract from activities

30. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 30 AON method Advantages: 1.No dummy activities are used 2.Events are not used 3.AON is easy to draw if dependencies are not intense 4.Activity emphasis is easily understand by first-level managers Disadvantages: 1.Path tracing by activity number is difficult 2.Network drawing and understanding are more difficult when dependencies are numerous

31. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 31 Network Analysis The Critical Path is the minimum time that it takes to complete a project is the longest sequence of activities in the network There maybe more than one critical path through a network; but one is better The activities that lie along critical path are called critical activities If a critical activity is delayed then the whole project is delayed

32. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 32 10 15 20 30 255 10 How long does it take to finish this project? Where is critical path?

33. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 33 Case#7 Critical Path ActivityPreceding Activity Activity Times A-5 BA15 CA10 DA5 EB, C15 FB, C, D10 GF170 HE, G35

34. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 34 Case#8 Critical Path IDDescriptionPredecessorTime ASurvey-5 BSoils reportA20 CTraffic designA30 DLot layoutA5 EApprove designB, C, D80 FIlluminationE15 GDrainageE30 HLandscapeE25 ISigningE20 JBid proposalF, G, H, I10 A city requests federal funding for a par-and-ride project. Network plan is to be submit. Make the critical path.

35. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 35 Analysing Network EST – earliest start time LST – latest start time EFT – earliest finish time LFT – latest finish time TF –Total float FF – Free float IF – Interfering float

36. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 36 Earliest times: are the earliest times that an activity can start and finish given that all preceding activities as soon as possible Latest times: are the latest that an act can start and finish and still allow time for succeeding activities to be completed without holding up the project TF = LST-EST = LFT – EFT is the amount of time that an act can be delayed without effecting the overall duration Critical path; TF = 0

37. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 37 FF: is the amount of time that an activity can be delayed without affecting any other activity IF = TF –FF will affect succeeding activities but not the total project duration 10 20

38. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 38 10 20 10 15 10 EST EFT LST LFT FF TF

39. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 39 10 15 20 30 20 EST EFT LST LFT FF TF

40. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 40 Bar charts Also known as a Gantt bar chart Gives a pictorial representation of when the activities begin, when they end, how long they take and how much float they have

41. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 41 Overlapping relationships Preceding Activity Following Activity Start to Start Start to Finish Finish to Start Finish to Finish S/S S/F F/S F/F Length of the arrows represents the lead times (LT) Overlapping makes project faster

42. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 42 RESOURCES Resources are the things that are needed to carry out project activities Main resources:- Man – workers, Engineers, Proj. Man. Machine – pumps, cranes Materials – steel, pipe, bolts&nuts Why manage resources:- 1. Resource Constrained Scheduling 2. Resource Leveling

43. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 43 1. Resource Constrained Scheduling Limited resources Sometimes resources are restricted; some activities need to be delayed because of not enough resources Where schedule is constrained by the available resources and may have to increase the duration of the project

44. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 44 Reasons for resource limited: Space constraints Limited facilities Safety requirements limit Limited amount of equipment to work on Solutions: Working overtime Working shifts Training, education, automation = increase productivity Learning curve = repetitive Hire sub-contractors Reduce scope of work

45. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 45 Resources Time Resource limited Extend Project duration

46. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 46 2. Resource Leveling Hiring & Firing Resources cost money even though no work is being done A uniform resource usage will prevent resources being idle and to minimize hiring and firings Safety, learning curve, skilled workers, happy, lower price, more work, more profit Duration of project is limited No one approach is accepted as the best

47. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 47 Resources Time Time limited Rearrange activities within project duration Moving activities around in order to smooth the resource profile

48. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 48 A B C D 5days, 3men 3days, 2men 4days, 4men 5days, 2men

49. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 49 ActivityPreceding Activity Activity TimesResources A-63 B-43 C-32 DA24 EA, B31 FB, C51 GD, C32 HE, F22 IC, H42 JG33

50. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 50 Example a)Draw an arrow diagram b)Analyze network giving EST, EFT, LST, LFT, FF and TF c)Construct a resource profile d)Assuming that you only have 6 units of resource; reschedule the activities to fit the resource limitations

51. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 51 ActivityFollowsDuration (days) Resource A-82 B-104 C-121 DA203 EA54 FC162 GC130 HD141 IB, D, E, F81 JB, E, D, F, G160

52. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 52 52 ถ้าจะดูว่า สถาบันการศึกษาใดมีคุณค่า แค่ไหน อย่าไปดูว่านักเรียนของเขา ได้รับอะไรไปบ้าง แต่ให้ดูว่า เมื่อ นักเรียนเหล่านั้นเติบโตขึ้นพวกเขาได้ ให้อะไรคืนกับสังคม เพราะท้ายที่สุดแล้ว สิ่งสำคัญไม่ได้อยู่ ที่ว่าคนๆนึงมีอะไร แต่สำคัญที่ว่า คนๆ นั้นได้สร้างอะไรจากสิ่งที่เขามี