1. Pacific Northwest Weather and Climate, Past, Present and Future George H. Taylor October, 2007

17. NCDC US HCN (1221 STATIONS)

22. Another problem: “compromised” station locations

41. “A study of springtime mountain snowpack in the Pacific Northwest showed widespread declines in snowpack since 1950 at most locations with largest declines at lower elevations indicating temperature effects.” “Substantial declines (some in excess of 50%) were common in the Cascades, especially in Oregon.” Mote, Philip W., Martyn Clark, and Alan F. Hamlet, 2004. Variability and Trends in Mountain Snowpack in Western North America. 15th Symposium on Global Change and Climate Variations, Seattle, Washington.

51. Sea Level

55. The Arctic

56. In the Arctic, temperatures in recent decades have gone up

57. But an examination of the entire record shows a different story:

59. Changes in Solar Radiation

60. The Solar Connection  DIRECT EFFECTS  Solar brightness or irradiance variations relatively small (IPCC correct)  INDIRECT EFFECTS  UV warming through ozone chemistry  Changes in low clouds through changes in cosmic rays

61. R 2 = 0.59 R 2 = 0.64 for 3 year lag temp vs TSI NCDC Annual Mean US Temperature vs Hoyt Schatten TSI Gleissberg Cycle

62. NASA is predicting that the next solar cycle will be “moderate” but that the one after will be very weak.

63. Some conclusions: 1.The primary mode of variability in climate over multi- decadal periods in the Northwest appears to be the PDO. 2.Surface temperature is not a good “metric” for assessing global climate change (uneven measurement patterns, local interferences). Other parameters should be used. 3.Adapting to weather extremes is prudent, and allows us to adapt to climate extremes as well. 4.There are many aspects of climate which are not well understood. 5.This is a great place to live!

64. The End

65. What Fraction of Global Warming is Due to the Radiative Forcing of Increased Atmospheric Concentrations of CO2? IPCC View: 58% of the radiative forcing of well-mixed greenhouse gases result from CO2 48% of the human-caused warming (climate forcing) result from the radiative effect of CO2. IPCC View: 58% of the radiative forcing of well-mixed greenhouse gases result from CO2 48% of the human-caused warming (climate forcing) result from the radiative effect of CO2.

66. New Relative Contribution Percent of the Radiative Effect of CO2 (watts / meter squared) Methane +0.8 Short-wave albedo change +0.5 Tropospheric ozone +0.3 Aerosol black carbon +0.2 Black carbon on snow and ice +0.3 Semi-direct aerosol effect +0.1 Glaciation effect +0.1 Solar influences +0.25 The CO2 contribution to the radiative warming decreases to 26.5% using the IPCC framework Methane +0.8 Short-wave albedo change +0.5 Tropospheric ozone +0.3 Aerosol black carbon +0.2 Black carbon on snow and ice +0.3 Semi-direct aerosol effect +0.1 Glaciation effect +0.1 Solar influences +0.25 The CO2 contribution to the radiative warming decreases to 26.5% using the IPCC framework

68. Glaciers are melting, and the rate of melt is increasing. Glacier Park may have no glaciers before long.

69. Pederson, G.T., Fagre, D.B., Gray, S.T. and Graumlich, L.J. 2004. Decadal-scale climate drivers for glacial dynamics in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Geophysical Research Letters 31: 10.1029/2004GL019770.