1. NWA 38 th Annual Meeting, Charleston SC 15 October 2013 David Hotz, NOAA/NWS Knoxville/Tri-Cities, TN L. Baker Perry, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC Steve Keighton, NOAA/NWS Blacksburg, VA David Hotz, NOAA/NWS Knoxville/Tri-Cities, TN L. Baker Perry, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC Steve Keighton, NOAA/NWS Blacksburg, VA

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4. Trees that appear as crystalized pillars of ice on Mount LeConte, Tennessee (Smoky Mountains) after the record breaking snowfall of 33 inches. Snow drifts of 5 to 6 feet were reported at the lodge. Pictures courtesy of Allyson Verden. 4

5. Synoptic Climatology of Northwest Flow Snowfall L. Baker Perry, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC Perry (2006) produced a synoptic climatology from 859 NWFS events. Study evaluated different synoptic fields derived from the NCEP reanalysis dataset, and from Huntington, WV (HTS) rawinsonde data. We will compare the Sandy snowstorm to the synoptic climatology of NWFS, primarily focusing on the High Peaks (> 4kft), which is area 14 on the map. 5

6. Sandy Snowstorm Data Rapid Refresh (RAP-13km) Initialization Points  Point A – Mount Leconte, TN (elev. 6594 feet)  Point B – Poga Mountain, NC (elev. 3773 feet)  Point C – High Knob, VA (elev. 4222 feet)  Point D – Snowshoe, WV (elev. 4711 feet)  Point E – Roan Mountain, TN (elev. 6285 feet) RAP initialization soundings were used to gather the moisture and wind data. 6

7. Sandy Snowfall Totals (cm) October 28 th – 31 st, 2012  Point A – Mount Leconte, TN at elev. 6594 feet (32.7 inches)  Point B – Poga Mountain, NC at elev. 3773 feet (10.2 inches)  Point C – High Knob, VA at elev. 4222 feet (27.6 inches)  Point D – Snowshoe, WV at elev. 4711 feet (31.9 inches)  Point E – Roan Mountain, TN at elev. 6285 feet (31.5 inches) Map courtesy of Daniel Martin, Appalachian State University 7

8. The satellite picture clearly shows the warm conveyor belt of moisture from the Atlantic Ocean. Relatively abundant moisture was available across the central and southern Appalachians for excessive snowfall. NOAA's GOES-13 satellite captured the image of the storm moving inland at 13 UTC on October 30, 2012 8

9. Moisture Anomalies Precipitable Water (inches) The precipitable water values were well above that of typical northwest flow snowfall events. 9

10. Moist Layer Characteristics (mb) Relative Humidity values of 80% of higher Another way to depict how abnormally deep the moisture was for the Sandy snowstorm is to look at the thickness of the moist layer. The graphs above shows that the thickness of the moist layer during Sandy was much deeper than typical northwest flow snowfall events. 10

11. Since orographic lift is generally the strongest at 850mb, high moisture values at this level is important for the development of heavy snowfall. During the Sandy snowstorm, the 850mb mixing ratio abnormally high contributing to the heavy snows and high Snow-to-liquid ratio content. Moisture Anomalies 850mb Mixing Ratio 11

12. Strong Northwest flow at 850mb 11 UTC October 30 th, 2012  Strong northwest flow continued from late evening on October 29 th through early October 31 st.  The strong northwest flow produced persistent and strong orographic lift over the west to northwest facing slopes of the central and southern Appalachians. 12

13. 850mb Wind Direction and Speed Even though the wind direction during the Sandy snowstorm was more westerly than typical northwest flow events, the much stronger 850mb jet produced strong orographic forcing over the windward slopes. Map Courtesy of Baker Perry, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Geography, Appalachian State Univ. 13

14. 850mb Temperature (Degrees C) During the Sandy snowstorm, temperatures at 850mb were slightly warmer than typical northwest flow events which contributed to the high snow-to-liquid ratio. 14

15. Snowfall Beginning-End (Duration in hours) 20 UTC 28 th October through 17 UTC 31 st October, 2012 Besides the meteorological factors, an important contribution to the heavy Sandy snows was due to the duration of the event. As you can tell from the graph above, the duration of the Sandy snowstorm was abnormally long compared to a typical northwest flow event. 15

16. Composite Trajectories with Great Lakes Connection (GLC) and No GLC Courtesy of Baker Perry, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Geography, Appalachian State Univ. NWFS research has looked at the contribution of the Great Lakes Connection (GLC) to snowfall. Three backward trajectories were studied. Trajectory class 2 has no GLC, while class 3.1 and 3.2 have GLC. Research shows that GLC produces higher snowfall NWFS amounts than compared to no GLC. Trajectory Class 2 (No GLC)Trajectory Class 3.1 and 3.2 (GLC) 16

17. Mt. LeConte, TN Snowshoe, WV HYSPLIT Backward Trajectories 21 UTC, OCT 29 th, 2012 Red line ~ 850mb Blue line ~ 700mb Green line ~ 500mb 17

18. HYSPLIT Backward Trajectories 10 UTC, OCT 30 th, 2012 Mt. LeConte, TNSnowshoe, WV Red line ~ 850mb Blue line ~ 700mb Green line ~ 500mb 18

19. Mt. LeConte, TN Snowshoe, WV HYSPLIT Backward Trajectories 17 UTC, OCT 31 st, 2012 Red line ~ 850mb Blue line ~ 700mb Green line ~ 500mb 19

20. Study Conclusions  The backward trajectory analysis of the Sandy snowstorm showed a prolonged period of the Great Lakes Connection (GLC) across the central and southern Appalachians.  The GLC contributed to the high moisture content of the boundary layer, which enhanced both snowfall and snow-to-liquid ratio content of the snow. 20

21. Study Conclusions(cont)  The backward trajectory analysis also shows the warm conveyor belt from the circulation around Sandy at both the 700 and 500mb levels. The warm conveyor belt pulled deep moisture into the Appalachians.  The 700 and 500mb trajectories also showed at least a brief fetch over the Atlantic which is likely not typical for a NWFS event. 21

22. Study Conclusions( cont )  Moisture at all levels were much higher than typical NWFS events. The deep moisture likely contributed to the heavy snowfall amounts.  Even though the boundary layer temperatures (850mb) were warmer than normal, the deep moisture in the colder mid-levels did allow for favorable dendritic snow growth. 22

23. Study Conclusions( cont )  The overall wind direction was a little more westerly than typical NWFS events, which is usually less favorable for orographic forcing. However, the strength of the low-level jet was much stronger than normal events producing strong orographic forcing. 23

24. Questions?