1. Workshop on Climatic Analysis and Mapping for Agriculture Bologna – Italy 14 – 16 June, 2005 Manuel Carvajal Ecuador WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE METEOROLOGIA E HIDROLOGIA - INAMHI

2. Geographical Location Northwest of South America Equator Line Between Colombia and Peru, East of the Pacific Ocean

3. Geographical Location

4. Elevation from 0 to 6310 m.a.s.l. Three Natural regions A) Coastal Mostly Plain B) Highland “Andes Cordillera” C) Amazon Plain Rain forest Continental Topographical Conditions A B C

5. Climatic classification by Thornthwaite Water Balance P = ET + ▲HS + I + E Where: P = rainfall ( irrigation if it is done) ET = evapotranspiration ▲HS = Variation of water soil storage I = deep soil infiltration E = runoff Hydric Index (lm) Im = 100 E – 60 D ETo Where: E = Humidity excess/annual D= Humidity deficit/annual ETo Main factor

6. Seasonal Humidity Variation With 2 components Aridity Index (Ia) = 100D/ ETP Humidity Index (Ih) = 100E/ ETP “Climatic Type” by Thornthwaite Thermal Efficiency Index On function of yearly ETP (mm) Less than 142 to more than 1140 Thermal Efficiency Concentration (TEC) TEC = ETP summer months x 1000 ETP annual

7. “Climatic Type” by Thornthwaite 1.Highly Humid (Tropical rain forest) 2.Humid (Tropical monsoon) 3.Sub humid (Tropical grassland) 4.Arid 5.Temperate humid 6.Temperate dry 7.Humid high barren plain 12 3 4 5 6 7

8. Crop Information Common Name:Banana Scientific Name:Musa paradisiaca Vegetative Cycle (months):12 Elevation (m.a.s.l.):Max. 1500Min. 5 Opt. 150 Rainfall (mm): 500 to 1200 annual Temperature (°C): Max.32 Min. 15 Opt. 22 to 26 Sunshine (sun hours):1200 annual m.a.s.l = meters above sea level; Max = maximum; Min= minimum; Opt = Optimum

9. Crop Information Common Name:Roses & Carnation Scientific Name: Vegetative Cycle (months):12 Elevation (m.a.s.l.):Max. 2000Min. 2800 Opt. 2400 Rainfall (mm): 1000 Temperature (°C): Max.25 Min. 10 Opt. 13 to 21 Sunshine (sun hours):1200 - 1400 m.a.s.l = meter above sea level; Max = maximum; Min; minimum; Opt = Optimum

10. Crop Information Common name: cassava Scientific name: Manihot utilissima Vegetative cycle (months): 9 Elevation (m.A.S.L.):Max. 2500 min. 200 opt. 500 Rainfall (mm):1200 Temperature (°C): max. 32 min. 15 opt. 20 to 26 Sunshine (sun hours):1500 M.A.S.L = meter above sea level; Max = maximum; Min; Minimum; Opt = optimum

11. Questions Elevation (m.a.s.l.) and temperature has direct relation Is temperature range and sunshine the main factors? Because from our point of view: Rainfall rarely be in amount enough to satisfy water crop necessities, so rainfall is something like a guide but not a constraint parameter?

12. Humidity has relationship with rainfall and temperature, is necessary to agroclimatic classification? Soil variability is not a constraint, because it could be improved. What do you think about agroclimatic classification by Bagnolus – Gaussen or Koppen? Questions

13. Italian Scientifics…. is Pavari or Pignatti a methods than can be applied to our particular conditions? THEN…. Please answer the questions and help us to make a good work in agroclimatic mapping Questions

14. Thanks INAMHI www.inamhi.gov.ec AGROMETEOROLOGY agromet@inamhi.gov.ec carvajal@inamhi.gov.ec Iñaquito N14-36 y corea Quito - Ecuador Telefax: (593-2) 224 1874 / 224 8268