1. Emotion

2. Theories of Emotions Physiological activation - Physical response
Emotion are a mix of:
Physiological activation - Physical response
Expressive behaviors - Behavior
Conscious experience – Thinking and Feelings

3. James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
The Stimulus
William James and Carl Lange completely opposed to common-sense view.
Proposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience.
The body changes ultimately cause to feel emotions
Physical Reaction
Emotion

4. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
How can that theory be true if similar physiological changes correspond with drastically different emotional states.
The physiological change (body’s arousal) and cognitive awareness (emotions) must occur separately (but simultaneously).
Routed to the cortex and the Sympathetic NS at the same time by the Thalamus.

5. Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer explains emotions more completely that the other two theories.
They happen at the same time but…
To experience the emotion the person must be physically aroused AND cognitively label the arousal.
Biology and Cognition interact with each other to increase the experience.

7. Two Routes to Emotion Appraisal Event Emotional response Physiological
Lazarus/Schachter
Appraisal
Event
Emotional
response
Physiological
activation
Expressive
behavior
Subjective
experience
Zajonc/LeDoux

8. Lie Detectors Called a polygraph.
Measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion:
Perspiration
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Breathing changes

9. Lie Detectors 50 Innocents 50 Thieves
--1/3 of innocent declared guilty
--1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)
Percentage
Innocent
people
Guilty 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Judged innocent by polygraph
Judged guilty by polygraph

10. Lie Detectors Is 70% accuracy good? What about 95% accuracy?
*Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty.
--test all employees
--285 will be wrongly accused
What about 95% accuracy?
*Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty.
--test all employees (including 999 innocents)
--50 wrongly declared guilty
--1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (2%)

11. Expressing Emotion

12. Neuroscience of Emotions

13. Know how emotions affect the ANS

14. Arousal and Performance
Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks.
For MOST tasks though, you want moderate levels of arousal.
Performance
level
Difficult tasks
Easy tasks
Low
Arousal
High

15. Role of Neurotransmitters & Hormones
Important Roles in Emotion:
Low serotonin  Depression.
High levels of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine  Anger and Fear.

16. The Limbic System and Emotions
The Amygdala is a neural key to fear learning.
Also involved in rage and aggression.
Integrates the hormonal and neural emotional aspects.

17. Role of the Cortex and Emotions
In general…
the right hemisphere specializes in negative emotions and…
the left hemisphere specializes in positive emotions.

18. Expressed Emotion
People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one.

19. Expressing Emotion Gender and expressiveness Number of expressions
Men
Women
Sad Happy Scary
Film Type 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
Number of
expressions

20. Expressing Emotion
Non-verbal communication - gestures, body language, facial expressions.
Introverts – better at reading other’s emotions.
Extroverts – easier to read.

21. Culture and Emotional Expression
Gestures and their meaning vary from culture to culture.
Individualist cultures show more intense and prolonged emotions.

22. Detecting and Computing Emotion
Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving emotions. Even trained professionals like police officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time.
OBJECTIVE 10| Discuss the research on reading and misreading facial and behavioral indicators of emotion.
Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine?

23. Culture and Emotional Expression
When culturally diverse people were shown basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them.
OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss the culture-specific and culturally universal aspects of emotional expression, and explain how emotional expressions can enhance survival.

24. Experienced Emotion Infants’ naturally occurring emotions
Joy B) Anger C) Interest D) Disgust E) Surprise F) Sadness G) Fear
A. Joy B. Anger C. Interest D. Disgust E. Surprise F. Sadness G. Fear

25. Two Dimensions of Emotion
Positive
valence
Negative
High
arousal
Low
pleasant
relaxation
joy
sadness
fear
anger
Blue = Psychological
Pink = Physiological

26. Anger
Anger “carries the mind away,” (Virgil, B.C.), but “makes any coward brave,” (Cato B.C.).

27. Anger
People generally become angry with friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable.
People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains.
If you’re angry at someone about something… tell them directly.

28. Anger - Cultural & Gender Differences
Boys tend to respond to anger by moving away from that situation or exercising, while girls talk to their friends or listen to music.
Anger also breeds prejudice (Like the 9/11 attacks did).
Individualized cultures encourage venting; not collectivist cultures.

29. Fear Fear can be learned through conditioning…
as well as through observation.

30. Don’t forget the Amygdala!
The neural key to fear learning.
Like a guard dog, it is continuously alert for threats.

31. Happiness People who are happy… perceive the world as being safer.
make decisions easily.
are more cooperative.
live healthier, energized, and more satisfied lives.

32. Predictors of Happiness
Researchers Have Found That
Happy People Tend to…
Have high self-esteem
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Have close friendships or a satisfying
marriage
Have work and leisure that engage
their skills
Have a meaningful religious faith
Sleep well and exercise
However, Happiness Seems Not Much
Related to Other Factors, Such as
Age
Gender (women are more often
depressed, but also more often joyful)
Education levels
Parenthood (having children or not)
Physical attractiveness

33. Experiencing Emotion Catharsis: Emotional release.
Catharsis hypothesis:
“Releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

34. Experiencing Emotion Feel-good, do-good phenomenon:
People’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

35. Experiencing Emotion Subjective Well-Being:
Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.

36. Experienced Emotion
Moods across the day

37. Experienced Emotion Does money buy happiness? Average per-person
Year
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10% 0%
Average
per-person
after-tax income
in 1995 dollars
Percentage
describing
themselves as
very happy
$20,000
$19,000
$18,000
$17,000
$16,000
$15,000
$14,000
$13,000
$12,000
$11,000
$10,000
$9,000
$8,000
$7,000
$6,000
$5,000
$4,000
Percentage very happy
Personal income

38. Values & Life Satisfaction
Students who value love more than money report higher life satisfaction.

39. Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
Tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level.
If you get a raise in salary, you feel good. But once you adjust to that new salary level, you need another raise to get that same feeling again.
Success and failure are always relative to our recent experiences.

40. Experiencing Emotion Relative Deprivation:
Perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.