1. Chapter 33
Australia & Oceania
Culture and History

2. Building Geography Literacy
Papua New Guinea shares the island of New Guinea with the Indonesian province of Papua.
Papua New Guinea is home to 5 million people.
It is a little larger than California.
Port Moresby, the capital has about 174,000 people.

3. 1. Identify the people who settled Australia and Oceania.
Chapter 33:1 Objectives
1. Identify the people who settled Australia and Oceania.
2. Discuss how the region’s geography affects population density, distribution, and growth.
3. Explain what factors account for settlement in urban and rural areas.

4. Terms to Know
strine
pidgin English
indigenous

5. Drawing from Experience
What images come to mind when you think of Australia?
of the islands of the South Pacific?
of Antarctica?
What do you think life is like there?
This section focuses on the population patterns of Australia, Oceania and Antarctica.

6. I. Human Characteristics (p. 811-813)
1. Australia’s indigenous people are called Aborigines.
Aborigines is a Latin word meaning “from the beginning.”
They came from Southeast Asia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago.
They lived as nomadic hunters and gatherers.
They are 2% of the population.

7. Aborigines – DNA tested to be from Sri Lanka area.

8. Aborigine Children

9. B. New Zealand’s indigenous people are called Maori.
Are from Polynesia.
Were hunters and farmers.
Still follow many ancestral traditions.
Many have intermarried with Europeans.

10. B. Pacific Islanders 30,000 years ago, people in Oceania
Came from Asia.
Home to many different people
Speak hundreds of languages.

11. the U.S. territories of Guam and the Marianas.
Melanesia includes the countries of Papua New Guinea, Fiji and the Solomon Islands.
Micronesia includes Kiribati, Nauru, the Federated States of Micronesia and;
the U.S. territories of Guam and the Marianas.
Polynesia includes Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu, and a group of islands, including Tahiti called French Polynesia;
which is under French rule.

12. C. Europeans Europeans first sailed here during the 1500s.
Established trading settlements and colonized.
Most of Australia & New Zealand are of British descent.
Some of Oceania’s population is of European descent.

13. Japan ruled some of the area from the early 1900s to 1945.
D. Asians
Chinese traders and South Asian workers settled parts of Oceania in the 1880s.
Japan ruled some of the area from the early 1900s to 1945.
Australia and New Zealand blocked non-European immigration until the 1970s.
Many Asians have migrated to Australia and New Zealand in search of work.

14. Discussion Question
From what regions have people migrated to Australia, New Zealand and Oceania?
answer: Asia, South Asia, Europe.

15. II. Languages (p. 813) Many different languages developed.
Geographic barriers separated South Pacific peoples.
Many different languages developed.
The people of Oceania speak a total of 1200 languages.

16. Colonization brought European languages.
French is spoken on islands controlled by France.
English is the chief language of Australia & New Zealand.
Pidgin English is a blend of English and an indigenous language.

17. What kinds of words are peculiar to Australian English? Why?
Discussion Question
What kinds of words are peculiar to Australian English? Why?

18. III. Where People Live (p. 813-815)
The region of Australia, Oceania and Antarctica is home to only 0.5% of the world’s population because much of the land is uninhabitable.

19. A. Population Distribution
Uneven population is because of variations in physical features and climate.
Australia has 98% of the habitable land and 2/3rds of the people.
Most people live along the coast.

20. Oceania’s population is unevenly distributed among island countries.
Most people live in coastal areas.

21. The climate is too cold to support permanent human habitation.
Antarctica is a part-time home to between 1000 – 10,000 researchers and scientists, depending on the season.
The climate is too cold to support permanent human habitation.

22. B. Population Density (p. 814)
Australia’s population density is highest in the coastal urban areas.
The harsh interior of the continent is sparsely populated.

23. Some of its islands are densely populated.
Oceania’s relatively young population increases by about 2.3% each year.
Some of its islands are densely populated.
Others have only a few people per square mile.

24. Few live in the desert interior.
C. Urbanization
1. Each of the port cities of Sydney and Melbourne, Australia, is home to more than 3 million
Few live in the desert interior.

25. New Zealand’s large cities include Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch.
All are port cities.

26. Urban areas draw migrants from within their country
and from other countries.
70% of Oceania’s people live in urban areas.

27. D. Immigration (p. 815)
Australia’s industries offer jobs to immigrants.
They come from Latin America, South Africa, Asia and Oceania.
About 26% of Australia’s population is foreign-born.

28. Diversity enriches the cultures of the region.
It also creates conflicts over immigration, health benefits, employment and the effects of colonial rule.
Diversity enriches the cultures of the region.

29. Discussion Question
Why do you think Australia welcomes so many immigrants?
answer: the Australian population doesn’t grow fast enough to keep up with the need for workers.

30. Key Points of Sec. 1
Many different people settled in the South Pacific, resulting in diverse cultures and lifestyles.
The population of the South Pacific is unevenly distributed because both the physical geography and the climate differ dramatically from place to place and because many areas cannot support life.

31. Migration between and within South Pacific countries has influenced population patterns and caused a blending of cultures.

32. Chapter 33:2 Objectives
1. Describe the lifestyles of the region’s indigenous peoples before colonization.
2. Summarize how colonial rule affected social, economic, and political structures.
3. Examine how today’s governments reflects the region’s history.

33. Terms to Know
clan
boomerang
trust territory
dominion

34. Drawing from Experience
What do you think Antarctica is like?
Would you be interested in visiting this continent?
In the last section you read about the population of Australia and Oceania.
This section focuses on the history and government of this region.

35. Introduction
The lives of indigenous peoples and cultures of the South Pacific area have changed in the past 300 years.
The changes have largely been the result of European and American influences on the region.

36. Indigenous People
Various groups of people from Asia settled Australia and Oceania 40,000 years ago.
Some people might have migrated to Australia over land bridges during the Ice Ages.
Others might have reached the South Pacific region by using canoes and rafts.

37. Aborigines Aborigines in Australia’s dry interior led a nomadic life.
They traveled together in clans, or family groups.
To hunt animals, aboriginal men used boomerangs, or heavy throwing sticks that curve when thrown.
Women and children gathered plants and seeds.

38. Coastal Boomerang They are meant to come back.
They are used in coastal areas to gather birds and direct them to nets that are flipped in the air to catch them.

39. Outback Boomerangs are working tools.

40. Outback Boomerangs
They are meant to stun, then kill, then gut the animals.
They come in all shapes and sizes.

41. Other Outback Tools

42. Oceania
People in Oceania lived in family groups along the island coasts.
Their food included fish, shrimp and coconuts.
They also cultivated root crops.
Pacific islanders built canoes that they used to travel throughout the Pacific region.

43. The Maori
With increasing trade came increasing migrations among the islands.
The Maori left eastern Polynesia and settled in New Zealand, where they hunted, fished and farmed.

44. European Colonization
Europeans from various countries explored the South Pacific region from the 1500s to the 1700s.
The most well-known explorer was British sailor James Cook.
He undertook three voyages and claimed Australia for Great Britain.

45. Colonizing Australia
Great Britain first used the colony to house British convicts from overcrowded prisons.
Eventually free settlers from Britain started farms and settlements on the coast.
They introduced sheep to the continent.
These settlers profited from wool exports to Britain.

46. The discovery of gold in the mid-1880s attracted many more settlers.
Britain and other European countries established settlements in Oceania and New Zealand.
The British settlement of Australia and New Zealand had a disastrous impact on the indigenous people there.
As the British migrated to the interior, they forcibly removed the Aborigines from their land.

47. They also denied them their rights.
European diseases reduced the Aborigine and Maori population.
Europeans also brought changes to the peoples of Oceania.
Diseases reduced indigenous island population.
As a result, Europeans brought workers from other areas, including South Asia.
This mix led to ethnic conflicts.

48. ?
What contributed to rapid population growth in Australia?

49. Struggle for Power
During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the U.S. and several other European countries struggled for control of various Pacific islands.
They hoped to increase their commercial interests and gain new sources of raw materials.

50. After World War I many of Germany’s Pacific colonies came under Japan’s control.
Then in December 1941, Japanese airplanes bombed the U.S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
This brought the U.S. into World War II.

51. After the defeat of the Japanese in WW II by the U.S.,
Japan’s possessions were given to the United States as trust territories, or dependent areas that the United Nations placed under the temporary control of a foreign country.

52. ?
Why did the U.S. and some European countries want to control the Pacific islands?

53. Independent Governments
Australia and New Zealand gained independence from Britain in the early 1900s.
Both countries became dominions, or largely self-governing countries within the British Empire.
Both countries established a British parliamentary system.

54. The British monarch became the head of state.
A prime minister actually headed the national government.
At first, Australia and New Zealand were closely tied with Great Britain.
However as British influence in the world weakened, the two countries looked to the U.S. for trade and protection.
Today, most South Pacific islands are independent.

55. Expeditions to Antarctica
Didn’t start until the early 1900s.
Until then, people believed that continent had little commercial value.
In 1911, a Norwegian and a British explorer started a race to be the first to reach the South Pole.
The Norwegians, led by Roald Amundsen were the first to reach it.

56. The race opened Antarctica for exploration of economic resources.
By the 1960s, scientists from 12 countries had set up research centers in Antarctica.
They signed the Antarctic Treaty to preserve Antarctica as a peaceful scientific research center.
In 1991 the 12 countries as well as other countries that signed the treaty also agreed to ban mining and to protect the environment of Antarctica.

57. ?
What did the signers of the Antarctic Treaty agree to do?

58. Key Points of Sec. 2
Many of the area’s earliest inhabitants came from Southeast Asia and survived by hunting, gathering, and, in some cases, farming.
European countries were attracted to the area by its raw materials, rich fishing areas and fertile coastal land.

59. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, European countries, Japan, and the U.S. sought possessions in the region.
Australia, New Zealand, and a number of Pacific islands are independent; a few island groups are still under foreign rule.

60. Chapter 33:3 Objectives
1. Discuss the role that religion plays in the region’s culture.
2. Describe how the people of Australia and Oceania expressed their heritage through the arts.
3. Analyze how everyday life in the region reflects cultural diversity.

61. Terms to Know
subsistence farming
fale

62. Introduction
The cultures of many South Pacific countries blend both European and indigenous elements.
Asian influences have increased in recent years.

63. ?
What elements have influenced the culture of many South Pacific countries?

64. A Blend of Cultures -- Religion
Indigenous peoples built lifestyles that were in harmony with their natural environment.
Their religious beliefs focus on the relationship of humans to nature.
Australia’s Aborigines believe that all natural things have a spiritual nature and are interrelated – called Dreamtime.

65. Dreamtime – Uluru Rock

67. Rock Art

72. Europeans later brought Christianity.
It is the most widely practiced religion in the region today.

73. Art
The people of the South Pacific used the arts to pass on knowledge from one generation to the next.
For example, Aborigines recorded their past in rock paintings.
Maori artisans developed skills in canoe making and woodcarving.
Many Maori meetinghouses are decorated with elaborate wooden carvings.

74. Music -- Didgeridoo

75. ?
What kind of lifestyles did indigenous peoples in the South Pacific produce?

76. Everyday Life Traditional lifestyles are part of some Pacific islands.
Many people in these islands practice subsistence farming, producing only enough food for their own needs.
Traditional life in the South Pacific is based on kinship ties.

77. Although many young people have left the islands for better job opportunities in other countries, they are still drawn back to their families to celebrate important events and ceremonies.
A typical traditional South Pacific home is simple in design.
On Samoa, this dwelling is called a fale.
It has a thatched roof and open side to let the cool ocean breeze circulate.

78. Life in Urban Areas is fast paced.
In parts of Australia and New Zealand, people are linked to cities by roads and communications technology.
Education is free and mandatory until the age of 15.
Literacy rates in these two countries is high.

79. Many students in Australia’s outback receive and turn in assignments by mail and communicate with teachers through two-way radio.
Of course it is now by satellite.

80. Education for Outback Students

82. Health Care
Quality health care is widely available in Australia and New Zealand, particularly in urban areas.
Indigenous peoples in these countries, however, have suffered from malnutrition and poverty.
In recent years the Australian government has been trying to improve the living standards of Aborigines.

84. Many Pacific Islanders also do not have an adequate standard of living due to their remote location.
The region’s leisure activities reflect the diversity of the region.
Some activities reflect the colonial background of the region.
For example, people in Australia and New Zealand enjoy some of the sports that people in Great Britain enjoy; cricket and rugby.

85. Traditional sports such as outrigger canoe racing are popular in the region.
People also enjoy many water sports.

86. Bondi Beach

87. ?
How does the standard of living in the urban areas of Australia and New Zealand compare with that of the Pacific islands?

88. Key Points of Sec. 3
The culture of the South Pacific is a mixture of Western and indigenous lifestyles.
Some people in the area still live in traditional villages; others live in modern urban areas.
Modern technology helps provide services to people in some remote areas.

89. End of Slide Show