1. 2.3 Irregular Waves Simulation by LWT Linear Superposition of free (linear) waves Free Wave Information: Based on the results of the wave decomposition Based on a wave spectrum

2. Types of Wave (Energy Density-Frequency) Spectra Pierson-Moskowitz (PM) JONSWAP spectrum Discrete Amplitude Spectrum Simulations of Long- & Short-Crest Waves Initial Phases (Randomly Selected) Random Fourier Coefficient Energy Spreading or Wave Direction Double or Single Summation Model

3. Actual Versus Design Seas Long-crested Short-crested

4. Ocean Wave Spectra: P-M & JONSWAP Types

5. Pierson-Moskowitz Spectrum JONSWAP Spectrum

6. JONSWAP Spectra & H 1/3 and Tp Goda (1987)

7. Discretization of a continuous wave spectrum

8. Simulation of Irregular waves Uni-directional waves (long-crested) Random Phase Approach

9. Non-repeat Duration T

10. Uni-directional waves (long-crested) Random Fourier Coefficient Approach

12. Appendix

13. The choice of a cutoff wave frequency 1)the energy distribution of the represented irregular wave field is insignificant beyond the cutoff frequency. 2)if the wave elevation is computed based on the measurements of other wave properties, then the measured wave energy up to the cutoff frequency must be reliable. That is, below the cutoff frequency, the ratio of signal to noises in the measurements must be significant. 3)it is also limited by the Nyquist frequency or sampling rate of the measurements to avoid ‘aliasing’ (Oppenheim and Schafer 1975).

14. Wave Directionality & Directional Waves Wave components do not travel in the same direction. Single Summation Model: Wave components of different freq. travel at different directions but at the same freq., they travel at the same direction. Double Summation: At the same freq. wave components travel at different directions. (Energy spreading).

15. Directional wave energy density spectrum

16. Directional Wave Energy Density Spectrum

17. Larger S ----narrow spreading

18. Mitsuyasu at al. (1975) Goda (1985)

19. Directional Waves:Double Summation Model The above directional waves may form a partial standing wave pattern and consequently the related resultant wave amplitude at this frequency is no longer uniform in the x- y plane.

20. To avoid non-uniformity, it was suggested that at each frequency waves are in one direction although the directions of waves at different frequencies are different. Hence, inner summation be eliminated and the representation of irregular wave elevation reduces to, Directional Waves: Single Summation Model