1. The New South

2. The New South: Goals Small farms Thriving industries Bustling cities
To become reality, the “New South” must copy the North
Re-establishment of Southern Democratic governments = “Solid South”

3. “The New South”
New South: A phrase used to describe southern progress in the late 1800s…Industry!
Henry W. Grady: first to use the phrase… editor/part owner of the Atlanta Constitution (Daily Journal)
Henry W. Grady
The international Cotton Exposition

4. The International Cotton Exposition
1881, part of New South Program, Henry Grady promoted Georgia's first International Cotton Exposition
Exposition attracted 200,000 paid visitors
2 1/2 months long
Showed rest of US Georgia was ready for more industry

5. New South Creed The “New South Creed” – Industrialize the South
– Diversify agriculture
– "out-Yankee the Yankees.” - Economic cooperation with the North
-- “improved” race relations - solidify segregation
“New South Creed” did not fit with “Lost Cause”
– Was it better for South to look forward or backward?
– Many southern leaders tried to do a little of both: Keep some old -- develop some new

6. Industrialization in the New South
Southern industries expanded after Reconstruction
– Textiles
– Tobacco
– Timber
– Iron and Steel
• 1890, Southern steel industry produced 20% of nation’s supply
– Railroads
Between , RR miles more than doubled in the South

7. Southern Industry
Despite progress, Southern industry never equaled the North
Developed mainly raw materials, not finished products
Raw material economy paid low wages
Much of the capital came from the North = profits left the South

8. Southern Industrial Labor
High % of Southern factory workers - women - sometimes entire families
Mill towns -- rigidly controlled
Hours long -- wages low
Protests & Union organization suppressed
Company stores sold goods at inflated prices
Blacks excluded from many factory positions
Hired only for the least desirable, lowest-paid positions.
• Convict-lease system - chain gangs (free labor)
• Child Labor

9. Cotton Manufacturing Moves South, 1880–1980

10. Child Labor in the Industrial South

11. Child Labor in the Industrial South

12. Family Labor in the South

13. The Road to a New South Tremendous growth in the tobacco industry
Richmond, VA
Part of diversification of cash crops

14. The New South: Agricultural Workforce
Tenant (renters) farming emerged:
Sharecropping - tenants (renters) paid a portion of their rent with crop surplus
crop lien system - loan against the value of the land

15. New South Industry

16. The New South: Policitcally
“Redeemers” or “Bourbons”
Sought return of Democratic Party control of local and state government
“Solid South” -- desire for South to be controlled by Democratic Party
“laissez-faire”
minimal government oversight of businesses
Rejected -- resisted federal government invervention in State political matters

17. The Solid South:

18. Solid South: Thomas Nast (cartoonist)

20. Harper’s Weekly Cartoon: The KKK

21. “Jim Crow” laws
Disfranchisement: poll taxes, grandfather clauses, literacy tests, and residency requirements.
Segregation in public accommodations (schools, restaurants, train cars, restrooms)

22. Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Several cases involving application of federal Civil Rights Act of 1875
African-American citizens protested:
exclusion from a hotel dining room in Topeka, Kansas
from the opera in New York City
from the better seats of a San Francisco theater
from a car set aside for ladies on a train
Presented to the Supreme Court during the term

23. Civil Rights Cases of 1883 8-1 decision
Civil Rights Act of 1875 = unconstitutional.
14th amendment only applied to federal government NOT states
Congress can’t legislate in matters of racial discrimination in the private sector
limiting of rights = “ordinary civil injur[ies]” NOT badges of slavery.
Justice Harlan, dissented “The Constitution is color-blind: it neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens.”

24. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Originated in Louisiana in 1890s
Upheld segregation of public accomodations
Legal as long as facilities were “separate but equal”
Ruling justified racial segregation (particularly in states) for 50 years
The Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court
The Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court

25. Jim Crow Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) “separate but equal”
Legitimized pattern for Jim Crow laws for next 60 years.
Issue of segregation did not gain national prominence again until 1950s.

26. Jim Crow laws
“Jim Crow” - term used for practices and rules that discriminated along color lines.
System of segregation
Jim Crow = stage name of a white minstrel (comedian) who performed in Black face makeup in the late 1800s.
Caricatured blacks.
Came to stand for all segregation laws that were instituted in the South after the Civil War.

27. Disfranchisement Cartoon: Literacy Test

28. Jim Crow Newspaper Handbill
"Jim Crow" became a synonym for racial segregation

29. Booker T. Washington
Born as a slave (Emancipation Proclamation set him free.)
Young boy – got up at 4a.m. to work in salt mines – went to school in the p.m.
Age of 22 – became an instructor at Hampton Institute (a school for black students); later became the principal.
Founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama (The Tuskegee Institute was the training ground for the Tuskegee Airmen, the famous all-black flying squadron of World War II.)
Recognized as the nation's foremost black educator.

30. Booker T. Washington
Called for whites to take initiative in improving social and economic relations between the races.
Atlanta Compromise: Responsibility and importance of vocational education. Not immediate social equality.
Economic independence would eventually lead to social equality.

31. Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington

32. W.E.B. DuBois
W.E.B. Du Bois