1. Focus Four Hazard Training For Masonry Construction
Module 3 – Fall Protection
Susan Harwood Grant Training Program

2. Disclaimer/Usage Notes
This material was produced under grant number SH SH8 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 
Images shown may depict situations that are not in compliance with applicable OSHA requirements. These photos are clearly marked as non-compliant.
It is not the intent of RMMI to provide compliance-based training in this presentation, the intent is more to address Focus Four hazard awareness in the masonry construction industry, and to recognize overlapping hazards present in many construction workplaces.
It is the responsibility of the employer, its subcontractors, and its employees to comply with all pertinent rules and regulations in the jurisdiction in which they work. Copies of all OSHA regulations are available from This presentation is intended to discuss Federal regulations only. If this training is held in a state that is operating under an OSHA-approved State Plan, State OSHA requirements for that state must be included in the training. It is assumed that individuals using this presentation or content to augment their training programs will be "qualified" to do so.
Developed under an OSHA Susan Harwood Grant, # SH SH8, by the Rocky Mountain Masonry Institute, Denver, Colorado

3. Training Objectives L & M Masonry Fall Protection
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 1
Training Objectives
After completing this unit, you will:
-Be aware of the requirement for fall protection for masonry work.
-Be able to recognize fall hazards associated with masonry work.
-Be familiar with fall protection devices.
-Be knowledgeable of safe work practices.

4. References 29 CFR 1926 Subparts L & M L & M Masonry Fall Protection 2

5. Scaffold Erection L & M Masonry Fall Protection
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 3
Scaffold Erection
The employer shall have a competent person determine the feasibility and safety of providing fall protection for employees erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds. A Competent Person is "one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them."

6. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 4
Scaffold Erection
The employer shall have each employee who is involved in erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing or maintaining a scaffold trained by a competent person to recognize any hazards associated with the work in question.

7. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 5
Scaffold Erection
Inspect all scaffold components prior to erecting scaffold. Look for bend frames and cross braces, broken pins, damaged planks, etc.
Photos depict hazardous condition

8. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 6
Scaffold Erection
Supported scaffold poles, legs, posts, frames, and uprights shall bear on base plates AND mud sills or other adequate foundations.

9. Scaffold Erection L & M Masonry Fall Protection 7
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 7
Scaffold Erection
Photos depict hazardous condition

10. Scaffold Erection L & M Masonry Fall Protection 8
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 8
Scaffold Erection
Photos depict hazardous condition

11. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 9
Scaffold Erection
Ladders shall be installed as soon as scaffold erection has progressed to a point that permits safe installation and use.

12. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 10
Scaffold Erection
Guardrail systems shall be installed before the scaffold is released for use by employees other than the erection crew.
Photo depicts hazardous condition

13. Scaffold Erection L & M Masonry Fall Protection
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 11
Scaffold Erection
The employer shall have a competent person determine the feasibility and safety of providing fall protection for employees erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds. Employers are required to provide fall protection for employees erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds where the installation and use of such protection is feasible and does not create a greater hazard. The employer must be able to explain and support a decision that it creates a greater hazard. Even if the competent person determines that being tied off during erection is not feasible, a harness/lanyard must still be worn by the workers.
Photo depicts hazardous condition

14. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 12
Scaffold Erection

15. Where uplift can occur, scaffold frames shall be pinned together.
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 13
Scaffold Erection
Where uplift can occur, scaffold frames shall be pinned together.

16. Scaffold Erection L & M No paint on wood platforms
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 14
Scaffold Erection
No paint on wood platforms
Use scaffold grade wood
Component pieces used must match and be of the same type
Erect on stable and level ground
Lock wheels and braces before using mobile scaffold
Photo depicts hazardous condition

17. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 15
Scaffold Erection
Each platform on all working levels of scaffolds shall be fully planked or decked between the front uprights and the guardrail supports.
Photo depicts hazardous condition

18. Scaffold Erection L & M Masonry Fall Protection 16
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 16
Scaffold Erection
Photos depict hazardous condition

19. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 17
Scaffold Erection
Platforms shall be installed so that the space between adjacent units and the space between the platform and the uprights is no more than 1 inch wide, except where the employer can demonstrate that a wider space is necessary.
Photo depicts hazardous condition

20. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 18
Scaffold Erection
Each end of a planked deck, unless cleated or otherwise secured by hooks or equivalent means, shall extend over the centerline of it’s support at least 6 inches but not more than 12 inches.

21. Scaffold Erection L & M Masonry Fall Protection 20 19
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 20 19
Scaffold Erection
Photos depict hazardous condition

22. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 20
Scaffold Erection
Plank overlapping will only occur over supports. The overlap will not be less than 12 inches unless the platforms are nailed/screwed together or otherwise restrained to prevent movement.
Photo depicts hazardous condition

23. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 21
Scaffold Erection
The height of the scaffold should not be more than four times its minimum base dimension unless guys, ties, or braces are used.
20’ 5’

24. Scaffold Erection L & M Masonry Fall Protection 22
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 22
Scaffold Erection
Photo depicts hazardous condition

25. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 23
Scaffold Access
When scaffold platforms are more than 2 feet above or below a point of access, portable ladders, hook-on ladders, attachable ladders, stair towers, ramps, walkways, integral prefabricated scaffold access, or direct access from another scaffold, structure, personnel hoist, or similar surface shall be used.
Photo depicts hazardous condition

26. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 24
Scaffold Access
Hook-on and attachable ladders shall have a minimum rung length of
11 1/2 inches and have uniformly spaced rungs with a maximum spacing between rungs of 16 3/4 inches.

27. Scaffold Access L & M Choose the correct type of portable ladder:
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 25
Scaffold Access
Choose the correct type of portable ladder:
Type IAA Special Duty can handle up to 375 lbs.
Type IA Heavy Duty can handle up to 300 lbs.
Type I ladders are rated up to 250 lbs.
Type II ladders are rated up to 225lbs.
Type III ladders(light duty) up to 200lbs
It should be noted that type II and type III ladders are not meant for construction use, nor is a step ladder an adequate means of scaffold access

28. Scaffold Access L & M Rungs must be intact and free from grease or oil
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 26
Scaffold Access
Rungs must be intact and free from grease or oil
Make sure there are no visible defects on the ladder (missing, cracked or loose rungs, missing safety feet, or signs of rot)
Metal ladders should not be dented or bent
All braces are secure

29. Scaffold Access L & M Masonry Fall Protection 27
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 27
Scaffold Access
Photos depict hazardous condition

30. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 28
Scaffold Access
Use the 4 to 1 rule: Set the ladder 1 foot out for every 4 feet up to the point of support. (Rungs are normally 1 ft apart, so its easy to figure the angle).

31. Scaffold Access All ladders must extended 36 inches above the landing
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 29
Scaffold Access
All ladders must extended 36 inches above the landing
Make sure the base of the ladder is tied or held and the top is anchored
Photo depicts hazardous condition

32. Scaffold Access L & M Masonry Fall Protection 30
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 30
Scaffold Access
Photos depict hazardous condition

33. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 31
Scaffold Access
If used, stair towers must have stairrails/handrails as well as guardrails on the open sides of all landings.

34. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 32
Scaffold Access
Integral prefabricated scaffold access frames shall:
Be specifically designed and constructed for use as ladder rungs and have a rung length of at least 8 inches.

35. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 33
Scaffold Access
These rungs are at least 11 ½ inches wide and no more than 16 ¾ apart and can be used as a work platform for scaffold erection and for scaffold access by users.

36. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 34
Scaffold Access
These rungs are not at least 11 ½ inches wide so they CANNOT be used for access by scaffold users. They can be used for access during scaffold erection/dismantling as long as they are not more than 22 inches apart vertically.

37. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 35
Scaffold Access
Direct access to or from another surface shall be used only when the scaffold is not more than 14 inches horizontally and not more than 24 inches vertically from the other surface.
24”
14”

38. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 36
Scaffold Access
Cross braces on tubular welded frame scaffolds shall not be used as a means of access or egress, even by erectors building or dismantling the scaffold.
Photo depicts hazardous condition

39. Scaffold Access L & M Masonry Fall Protection 37
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 37
Scaffold Access
Photos depict hazardous condition

40. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 38
Scaffold Use
The front edge of all platforms shall not be more than 14 inches from the face of the work, unless guard-rail systems are erected along the front edge and/or personal fall arrest systems are used.
Photo depicts hazardous condition

41. Scaffold Use Each scaffold walkway shall be at least 18 inches wide.
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 39
Scaffold Use
Each scaffold walkway shall be at least 18 inches wide.
Photo depicts hazardous condition

42. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 40
Scaffold Use
The top rail shall be installed between 38 & 45 inches above the deck shall be provided on the open sides and ends of each working level when it is 10 feet or more above a lower surface.

43. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 41
Scaffold Use
Each top rail shall be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force applied in any downward or horizontal direction at any point along it’s top edge of at least 200 pounds.
Photo depicts hazardous condition

44. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 42
Scaffold Use
Mid rails, screens, etc. of a guardrail system shall be installed midway between the top rail and the deck and be capable of withstanding, without failure, at least 150 pounds.
Photo depicts hazardous condition

45. Scaffold Use L & M Masonry Fall Protection 43
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 43
Scaffold Use
Photos depict hazardous condition

46. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 44
Scaffold Use
Guardrails shall also be surfaced to prevent injury to an employee from punctures or lacerations, and to prevent snagging of clothing.
Photo depicts hazardous condition

47. Scaffold Use L & M Masonry Fall Protection 45
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 45
Scaffold Use
Photo depicts hazardous condition

48. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 46
Scaffold Use
Cross bracing is acceptable in place of a midrail when the crossing point of the two braces is between 20 and 30 inches above the work platform
. . .
Photo depicts hazardous condition

49. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 47
Scaffold Use
. . . or as a top rail when the crossing point of the two braces is between 38 and 48 inches above the work platform.
Photo depicts hazardous condition

50. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 48
Scaffold Use
Fall protection must also be provided at the exposed ends of the walk planks as well as openings in front of the workers.

51. Scaffold Use L & M Masonry Fall Protection 49
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 49
Scaffold Use
Photos depict hazardous condition

52. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 50
Scaffold Use
Makeshift devices, such as, but not limited to, boxes, barrels and ladders, shall not be used on top of scaffold platforms to increase the working level height of employees.
Photos depict hazardous condition

53. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 51
Scaffold Use
Employees shall be prohibited from working on scaffolds with snow, ice, or other slippery material except as necessary for removal of such materials. Do not work on scaffolds during storms or high winds.

54. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 52
Scaffold Use
Mason was working on the third level of a tubular welded frame scaffold which was covered with ice and snow.
The scaffold was not fully decked, there was no guardrail and no access ladder.
The worker slipped and fell head first 20 feet to the pavement below.

55. The use of shore, lean-to or makeshift scaffolds is prohibited.
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 53
Scaffold Use
The use of shore, lean-to or makeshift scaffolds is prohibited.
Photos depict hazardous condition

56. Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 54
Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
Using a forklift as an aerial lift can only be done when the following requirements are met:
The forklift manufacturer approves the use of their equipment for such purposes
An engineered/approved platform meeting the OSHA requirements for fall protection is used

57. Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 55
Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
Photos courtesy of Lifting Technologies

58. Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 56
Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
The following requirements must be met as well:
1. The work platform must be equipped with standard guardrails and must be firmly secured to the lifting carriage or forks.
2. The hydraulic system must be designed such that the lift mechanism will not drop faster than 135 feet per minute in the event of a failure in any part of the system.
3. The operator must be in the driving seat while workers are on the platform.
4. The operator must be in the driving seat while raising or lowering the platform.
5. The area between the personnel on the platform and the mast must be guarded to prevent contact with chains or other pinch points.

59. Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 57
Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
Photos depict hazardous condition

60. Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 58
Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
When using extensible and articulating boom platforms a harness shall be worn and a lanyard attached to the boom or basket when working from the lift. Employees shall always stand firmly on the floor of the basket, and shall not sit or climb on the edge of the basket or use planks, ladders, or other devices for a work position.
Photo depicts hazardous condition

61. Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 59
Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
When working in a straight up and down scissors type lift, a harness/ lanyard is not required.

62. Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 60
Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
Employee was operating an aerial lift, with an extendable boom rotating work platform.
The boom was fully extended and the machine apparently ran over some bricks, causing the boom to flex or spring, throwing the employee from the basket.
The employee fell 37 feet to a concrete surface.

63. General Scaffolding L & M Masonry Fall Protection COMPETENT PERSON
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 61
General Scaffolding
COMPETENT PERSON
Person capable of identifying and having authority to promptly correct hazards
Determines if it’s safe to work on a scaffold during storms or high winds
Trains workers to recognize hazards
Selects qualified workers to conduct work

64. General Scaffolding L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 62
General Scaffolding
Competent person inspects scaffolds for visible defects before each shift and after any alterations or unusual occurrences.
Defective parts must be immediately repaired or replaced.
Photo depicts hazardous condition

65. General Scaffolding L & M Masonry Fall Protection 63
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 63
General Scaffolding
Photos depict hazardous condition

66. General Fall Protection
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 64
General Fall Protection
General fall protection is required when working above 6 feet in construction. When working on a silo, ensure guardrail chains are closed.

67. General Fall Protection
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 65
General Fall Protection
When masonry work must be done on a roof or other elevated surface, a guardrail system must be installed or a Personal Fall Arrest system must be used above 6 feet.

68. General Fall Protection
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 66
General Fall Protection
When performing overhand bricklaying work, a Controlled Access Zone may be used as a method of fall protection, as long as masons do not reach more than 10 inches below the platform on which they are standing or kneeling. "Overhand bricklaying" is "the process of laying bricks and masonry units such that the surface of the wall to be jointed is on the opposite side of the wall from the mason, requiring the mason to lean over the wall to complete the work. It includes mason tending, maintaining supplies of bricks and mortar and electrical installation incorporated into the brick wall during the overhand bricklaying process."

69. General Fall Protection
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 67
General Fall Protection
On a construction site, floor holes greater than 2 inches in any dimension must be covered or guarded. If covered, the cover must be marked as such and secured.
Photo depicts hazardous condition

70. General Fall Protection
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 68
General Fall Protection
There must be a stairway or ladder at points of access where there is an elevation break of 19 inches or more. At least one point of access must be kept clear.
19 inches
Break in elevation

71. General Fall Protection
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 69
General Fall Protection
Stairways with four or more risers or more than 30 inches high must have a stair rail along each unprotected side or edge and have at least one handrail

72. General Fall Protection
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 70
General Fall Protection
Photos depict hazardous condition

73. General Fall Protection
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 71
General Fall Protection
Only use pan stairs if filled with filler material at least to the top edge of each pan, has stair rails/ handrails installed and the unprotected sides of landings have a standard 42 inch guardrail system.
Landing
Pan
Photo depicts hazardous condition

74. General Fall Protection
L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 72
General Fall Protection
Stair rails must be able to withstand a force of 200 pounds outward and downward along its entire length.

75. Summary L & M Remember, falls may occur:
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 73
Summary
Remember, falls may occur:
While climbing on or off the scaffold
Working on unguarded scaffold platforms
When scaffold platforms or planks fail
Photos depict hazardous condition

76. Summary L & M Guardrails Install along open sides & ends
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 74
Summary
Guardrails
Install along open sides & ends
Front edge of platforms not more than 14 inches from the work, unless using guardrails and/or Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS)
Top rails - 38 to 45 inches tall
Midrails halfway between toprail and platform
Toeboards at least 3-1/2 inches high
Photo depicts
hazardous condition

77. Summary L & M You must be trained how to properly use a PFAS
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 75
Summary
You must be trained how to properly use a PFAS
PFAS include anchorage, lanyard and body harness
Can use PFAS instead of guardrails on some scaffolds
Use PFAS & guardrails on suspension scaffolds
Use PFAS on erectors and dismantlers unless it creates a greater hazard

78. Summary L & M Use appropriate scaffold construction methods
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 76
Summary
Use appropriate scaffold construction methods
Proper scaffold access
Always have a competent person for the scaffold

79. Summary L & M Platforms must:
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 77
Summary
Platforms must:
be fully planked or decked with no more than 1 inch gaps
be able to support its weight & 4 times maximum load
be at least 18 inches wide if used as a walkway
Photo depicts hazardous condition

80. Summary L & M No gaps over 14 inches at front edge of platforms
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 78
Summary
No gaps over 14 inches at front edge of platforms
Each abutted end of plank must rest on a separate support surface
Overlap platforms at least 12 inches over supports, unless restrained to prevent movement
Photos depict hazardous condition

81. L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 79
Summary
Provide access when scaffold platforms are more than 2 feet above or below a point of access
Permitted types of access:
-Ladders, such as portable, hook-on, attachable, stairway type, and built-ins
-Stair towers
-Ramps and walkways
May use building stairs and come out window
Photo depicts hazardous condition

82. Summary L & M No access by crossbraces
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 80
Summary
No access by crossbraces
When using ladders, bottom rung no more than 24 inches high
Can use some end frames
Can access from another scaffold, structure or hoist
Photo depicts hazardous condition

83. Summary L & M Masonry Fall Protection
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 81
Summary
Train employees on scaffold hazards and procedures to control the hazards.
The training must include:
-Nature of electrical, fall, and falling object hazards
-How to deal with electrical hazards and fall protection systems
-Proper use of the scaffold
-Scaffold load capacities
Retrain as necessary

84. REVIEW QUESTIONS True or False? L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 82
REVIEW QUESTIONS
True or False?
Erectors & dismantlers must have additional training in safe procedures.
Scaffolds must always have mudsills beneath the baseplates.
Guardrails must be installed before the scaffold is used by masons/hoddies.
Erectors only need to wear a harness if 100% tie-off is feasible.
Brickwashers can work with only two planks as a work platform.
Answers:
1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. FALSE

85. REVIEW QUESTIONS True or False? L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 83
REVIEW QUESTIONS
True or False?
Planks can be nailed or screwed together if 12 inches of overlap is not possible.
Scaffolds only one frame high can be climbed without using a ladder.
Workers above 10 feet can remove the midrail to accept a mud tub without using other fall protection.
Workers do not need fall protection on the walk planks when laying block.
Workers can stand on the midrail of a scissors lift if they are tied off.
Answers:
6. TRUE
7. FALSE
8. FALSE
9. FALSE
10. FALSE

86. REVIEW QUESTIONS True or False? L & M
SUBPARTS
Masonry Fall Protection 84
REVIEW QUESTIONS
True or False?
The Competent Person must be a foreman.
You can climb through a window onto the scaffold if you only step up/down 28 inches.
Floor holes greater than 2 inches wide must be covered or guarded.
Ladders must be tied off at the top only if the scaffold is over 20 feet high
Scaffold training is only required when you are first hired by your employer.
Answers:
11. FALSE
12. FALSE
13. TRUE
14. FALSE
15. FALSE