1. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 7 Visual Rhetoric and Using Visuals

2. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Pictorial representations other than written text (words) used to convey meaning and information to an audience Visuals

3. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Graphics ‣ Visuals that appear to be “rendered” or “drawn,” such as charts, tables, maps, graphs, and diagrams

4. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Images ‣ Photographic or “real” visuals, such as photographs, screen captures, or even moving images like video clips or animations

5. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Deciding when to use visuals, which ones, and where to place them is an important part of rhetorical thinking

6. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Visual Rhetoric Refers to the way visuals communicate meaning to readers bigfoto.com

7. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Visuals ‣ Increase comprehension ‣ Clarify difficult or abstract information ‣ Provide examples of written descriptions ‣ Illustrate processes ‣ Depict relationships between information ‣ Emphasize important information

8. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. ‣ Highlight key points ‣ Gain attention of the audience ‣ Establish authority ‣ Reach a broader audience ‣ Improve organization ‣ Simplify information retention Visuals

9. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Types of Visuals bigfoto.com

10. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Graphics

11. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Icons ‣ Derives from the Greek word eikon, which literally means “image” ‣ Are visual metaphors because they denote more than what is literally present

12. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Workplace Icons ‣ Represent brands, or logos ‣ Represent emotions ‣ Alert or emphasize

13. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Guidelines for Making Icons ‣ Understand what you need the icon to represent ‣ Understand the words or words it stands for ‣ Develop a list of all of the terms that need to be represented in a single icon ‣ Sketch ideas for the icon ‣ Make the icon in a graphics program

14. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Graphs ‣ Are diagrams that represent the relationships between at least two kinds of quantifiable information ‣ Depict information along two axes: each axis represents one component of information ‣ Are generally three types: bar graphs, line graphs, and pictographs

15. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Bar Graphs ‣ Are also known as histograms ‣ Depict comparisons between similar kinds of information ‣ Emphasize quantity ‣ Are used with numeric information

16. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Line Graphs ‣ Are also known as frequency polygons ‣ Depict information over a period of time ‣ May represent multiple pieces of similar data to compare changes in multiple situations

17. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Pictographs ‣ Use pictures or icons to represent numeric information ‣ Are usually easy to read and function much like bar graphs ‣ Are most often used in documents that address general readers

18. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Charts ‣ Represent information visually ‣ Make it easier for readers to understand data and relationships between various data ‣ Are generally three types: pie charts, flow charts, and organizational charts

19. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Pie Charts ‣ Are circular charts that represent divisions within a whole ‣ Represent percentages by dividing into representative sections

20. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Flow Charts ‣ Depict a process or a procedure ‣ Can be useful for solving problems ‣ Have developed as problem solving tools

21. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Four Primary Flow Charts ‣ Top-down flow charts start at the top and present the primary steps of the process drawn vertically ‣ Work flow diagrams illustrate the flow of work ‣ Deployment flow charts show not only how a process flows, but identify who is responsible for each part of that process ‣ Detailed Flow Charts depict all the steps and sequences in a process, including the relationships between various internal stages of the process

22. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Organizational Charts ‣ Show the administrative, managerial, and staff structures of organizations ‣ Display relationships between each level and identify paths of responsibility and authority

23. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Line Drawings ‣ Are simple drawings used to represent objects ‣ Are useful in documents like instruction manuals because they show specific parts or steps within a larger process

24. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Images bigfoto.com

25. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Photographs ‣ Can be effective in manuals and instructions by showing the exact objects used in a process ‣ Can be useful in accident and field reports because they depict a scene as the viewer sees it

26. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Screen Shots Are useful when describing a computer process or showing software features or applications freeimages.co.uk

27. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Video & Animation ‣ Provide a good method for showing readers/viewers exact processes ‣ Convey information quickly ‣ Add eye-catching and professional touches to web pages and e-manuals

28. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Find Visuals ‣ In databases, usually for a fee ‣ With Web searches, usually with permission ‣ Using clip art, from previously printed materials ‣ By making your own images and graphics with software, like draw, spreadsheets, word processors, and image manipulators

29. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Use Color ‣ To highlight or draw attention ‣ To demarcate textual divisions ‣ To identify a particular part of a document or kind of text ‣ To clarify organization and relationships between textual elements ‣ To improve the aesthetic and professional quality of your document

30. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. Using Visuals ‣ Make visuals relevant to the document ‣ Make visuals as clear as possible ‣ Keep your visuals as simple as possible ‣ Use familiar visuals for wider appeal ‣ Sequence visuals from top to bottom ‣ Strive for moderation

31. Dobrin / Keller / Weisser : Technical Communication in the Twenty-First Century. © 2008 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved. ‣ Informal documents include a list of visuals and caption ‣ List All numbered visuals in a “Table of Figures” or “Table of Illustrations” ‣ Use call outs — textual highlights provided in a visual to clarify or highlight information — when necessary Using Visuals