1. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 1 Chapter 5 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design

2. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 2 Objectives In this chapter, you will: Explore OOA and OOD Understand the Unified Modeling Language (UML) Use three-tier design in OO development Learn about the Bradshaw Marina case study

3. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 3 Exploring OOA and OOD System analysis: –Study –Understand –Define the system requirements System design: show how various system components will be implemented using specific technology

4. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 4 Exploring OOA and OOD System requirements –Define what the system needs to accomplish for users in business terms –Usually described using Diagrams Models

5. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 5 Exploring OOA and OOD A model depicts some aspect of the required system –Logical models: created during system analysis –Physical models: created during system design Model-driven development: creating logical and physical models during analysis and design

6. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 6 Exploring OOA and OOD OO development models –Define classes of objects –Depict object interactions –Are based on UML –Include Use case diagrams Class diagrams Sequence diagrams

7. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 7 Exploring OOA and OOD OO development works well with an iterative approach to development Iterative development –Analysis, design, and programming are performed in parallel, with the process repeated several times until the project is done –Contrasts with the waterfall method An earlier approach All of analysis was completed before design could start, and all of design was completed before programming could start

8. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 8 Exploring OOA and OOD

9. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 9 Exploring OOA and OOD OO development also uses incremental development –Some of the system is completed and put into operation before the entire system is finished

10. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 10 Exploring OOA and OOD Spiral model –An increasingly popular approach to development –Emphasizes the iterative nature of development –Project appears as a spiral starting in the middle and working its way out –Development team completes analysis, design, prototyping, and evaluation tasks for each iteration, starting in the middle of spiral

11. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 11 Exploring OOA and OOD

12. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 12 Understanding the Unified Modeling Language Object-oriented development requires a collection of models that depict system requirements and designs UML defines a standard set of constructs and diagrams to model OO systems

13. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 13 Creating and Interpreting the Use Case Diagram First step in system modeling: define the main system functions A use case diagram shows two key concepts: –Use case: a system function –Actor: person or entity using the system

14. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 14 Creating and Interpreting the Use Case Diagram

15. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 15 Creating and Interpreting the Use Case Diagram One approach to identifying use cases is to identify events the system must respond to Three types of events can affect a system: –External events: occur outside the system and require the system to respond –Temporal events: occur at a specific point in time, such as at the end of each day or at the end of the month –State event: occur when the properties of an object change. Require system processing

16. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 16 Creating and Interpreting the Use Case Diagram Each use case can be documented as a series of steps users follow when they interact with the system Scenarios: variations in the main steps As the development team identifies use cases, it creates use case diagrams

17. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 17 Creating and Interpreting the Use Case Diagram An activity diagram –An additional diagram defined by UML that can be used to document use cases –Sometimes created for each scenario for a use case

18. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 18 Creating and Interpreting the Class Diagram Class diagram –Shows the classes involved in the system –Is a rectangle with three sections Top section contains name of the class Middle section contains attributes of the class Bottom section contains methods of the class

19. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 19 Creating and Interpreting the Class Diagram

20. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 20 Creating and Interpreting the Class Diagram Class Diagram –Association relationship between two classes is shown with a line connecting the two classes Number of associations between classes is written on each end of the line UML refers to the number of associations as multiplicity

21. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 21 Creating and Interpreting the Class Diagram Class Diagram –Shows generalization/specialization hierarchies (inheritance) –Abstract classes shown in italics Objects cannot be created for an abstract class Only serves to allow subclasses to inherit from it

22. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 22 Creating and Interpreting a Sequence Diagram

23. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 23 Creating and Interpreting a Sequence Diagram Sequence diagram –Shows interactions between objects in a system, usually for one use case or scenario –Often called a dynamic model Class diagram –Does not highlight object interactions –Often called a static model

24. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 24 Creating and Interpreting a Sequence Diagram In a sequence diagram –Actor can be shown as a stick figure or a rectangle –Objects are shown as rectangles –Lifelines Represent a sequence of time Shown as either a dashed line or a narrow box –Horizontal arrows represent messages sent or received in sequence –Data returned in response to a message is shown as a dashed line

25. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 25 Creating and Interpreting a Sequence Diagram

26. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 26 Creating and Interpreting a Sequence Diagram In a sequence diagram –Object names are always underlined and begin with a lowercase letter –Class names are always capitalized –Objects can be named by Using generic object names to clarify the class Including the name of the class after the name of the object, separated by a colon –Message names are written above the message line

27. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 27 Using Three-Tier Design in OO Development Three-tier design requires that OO system developers separate three categories of classes when designing and building a system Three tiers –Graphical user interface (GUI) classes –Problem domain classes –Data access classes

28. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 28 Using Three-Tier Design in OO Development Separating GUI classes, problem domain classes, and data access classes leads to loosely coupled system components With loosely coupled components –A component can be modified with minimal effects on other components Makes it easier to maintain and enhance the system –Components are easier to reuse

29. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 29 Using Three-Tier Design in OO Development Three-tier design –Provides a framework for defining OOA and OOD OOA involves identifying and modeling the problem domain classes In OOD, decisions about the user interface and about database management are made –Works well with Iterative development Incremental development The book follows the three-tier design approach

30. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 30 Introducing the Bradshaw Marina Case Study Bradshaw Marina case study demonstrates OO development principles and practices When a business determines it needs a computer system, it works with a team of developers to design and develop the system

31. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 31 Introducing the Bradshaw Marina Case Study Tasks of development team –Analyze business and identify system functions –Begin object-oriented analysis to identify the required use cases and scenarios, creating use case diagrams –Identify required problem domain classes and create class diagram –Develop sequence diagrams to model object interactions

32. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 32 Exploring the Background of Bradshaw Marina Bradshaw Marina –A privately owned corporation that rents boat slips and provides boat services on Clinton Lake –Wants an automated system to track customers, slips they lease, and boats in the slips

33. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 33 Exploring the Background of Bradshaw Marina System –Initially: system will maintain basic information for customers, slips, and boats, and perform day-to- day business tasks –Later: Bradshaw wants to enhance the system Add boat service records Add billing features

34. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 34 Identifying Bradshaw Use Cases and Scenarios First step in OOA process: identify use cases that fall within system scope Since main events of interest involve customers, boats, and slips, use cases also focus on customers, boats, and slips Bradshaw Marina use case diagram indicates the use cases Several scenarios could be associated with each use case

35. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 35 Identifying Bradshaw Use Cases and Scenarios

36. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 36 Identifying Bradshaw Problem Domain Classes To explore problem domain classes, the development team would –Meet with Bradshaw Marina to ask about things that are involved in the work of the marina For example – customers, boats, leases, slips, and docks –Begin an initial class diagram that includes these potential classes

37. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 37 Identifying Bradshaw Problem Domain Classes Development team would further develop the class diagram by –Showing generalization/specialization hierarchies –Adding specific information about each class –Identifying and modeling the association relationship among classes

38. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 38 Creating a Bradshaw Sequence Diagram Methods can be added to the class diagram by exploring scenarios and documenting them with sequence diagrams A sequence diagram should be created for each scenario of each use case As you move from OOA to OOD, you will expand the diagram to show –GUI objects the actor interacts with –Data access classes that handle interaction with database

39. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 39 Summary System analysis: study, understand, and define requirements for the system System requirements define what a system needs to accomplish for users in business terms Model-driven development: creating logical and physical models during analysis and design Iterative development: analysis, design, and programming are performed in parallel, with the process repeated several times until the project is done

40. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 40 Summary Incremental development: part of the system is put to use before the rest is finished Use case diagram shows system functions, called use cases Class diagram shows classes of objects that interact in the system Sequence diagram shows messages that the actor sends to objects and that objects send to each other Three-tier design divides classes into GUI classes, problem domain classes, and data access classes