1. December 16, 2010
What caused the division in the civil rights movement? What problems were faced by African Americans living in the North?
Presentations of Section 3
Notes from Section 3
Study Guide handed out
Description of Review for Tomorrow
Homework: Group Work

2. Civil Rights 1960’s Common Factors: Calls for pride in black identity
Commitment to change the social/economic structures that kept people in poverty
Uncommon Factors:
Movement turns attention to North in 1965
New Leadership=New Methods

3. Northern Segregation:
De Facto Segregation
Exists by practice and custom
Harder to fight
Difficult to convince whites to share economic and social power
De Jure Segregation
Segregation by law
Can be appealed by laws

4. De Facto Segregation
Intensified after WWII as A.A. migrated to Norhtern cities
“white flight” – whites moved into suburbs
Most A.A. left in urban slums
landlords did obey city health codes
Schools deteriorated with neighborhoods
Unemployment rates 2x as high

5. Anger is Building Brutal treatment from mostly white cops
1966 – King campaigned in Chicago to end de facto segregation and make the city an “open city”

6. When King led the demonstration through white Chicago neighborhood, they through rocks and bottles
After a second instance, King left without accomplishing his goal.

7. Violence Erupts in New York in 1964
An encounter between white police and A.A. teenagers causes death of 15 year old student
Race riot of Central Harlem is sparked

8. Violence Erupts in Los Angeles
34 killed and hundreds of dollars of property destroyed
Watts neighborhood Riot one of the worst in our nation’s history

9. Urban Violence Erupts
A.A. rage baffled many whites due to victories in the South
Some realized A.A. needed economic equality (housing, jobs, education)
Johnson set up relief for poverty but those funds redirected to Vietnam Conflict

10. Malcolm X
urged followers to take control of communities, livelihoods, & culture
Born Malcom Little
Father killed by white racists
Mother had emotional collapse
He and his siblings under care of the state
Quit school and jailed for criminal behavior

11. Malcolm X & African-American Solidarity
Joined Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) and developed philosophy of black superiority and separatism from whites
Advocated armed self-defense which frightened most whites and many A.A.
Resented by other members of Nation of Islam
Urged A.A. to work with world organizations and white progressives to obtain equality
Silenced by a gunman

12. Ballots or Bullets
March 1964 – Malcolm X left Elijah Muhammed over differences in strategy and formed another Muslim organization
Embarked on piligrimage to Mecca
He learned that orothodox Islam preached racial equality and he worshipped with other nationalities
His attitude towards whites changed dramatically
“if you don’t use the ballot, then forced to use bullet”
February 21, 1965 – he was killed while giving a speech in Harlem

13. Black Power June 1966 – tensions building between SNCC & others
Jame Meredith set out for “walk against fear” where he was shot
SCLC, CORE, & Stokely Carmicheal of SNCC decided finish Meredith’s walk
SNCC & CORE were more militant as they shouted slogans similar to those of Malcom X
“we shall overcome” became “we shall overrun”

14. Police arrested him for tent on grounds of all-black high school
showed up beaten at the rally, the crowd was electrified
Black Power: was a “call for black people to begin to define their goals…and to lead their own organizations”
King asked it be stopped
Carmichael refused and said that SNCC should deny white members in A.A. pride movement

15. Black Panthers Oakland, CA in October 1966
Founded by Huey Newton & Bobby Seale
Wanted to fight police brutality in the ghetto
Advocated self-sufficiency for A.A. communities as well as employment and decent housing

16. Black Panthers Continued
A.A. should be exempt from draft in Vietnam
Dressed in black leather jackets, black berets, and sunglasses
Preached self-defense and sold copies of Mao Zedong’s writings
Investigated thoroughly and found most activities were legal
Daycares
Breakfast programs
Medical clinics
Homeless assisstance

17. 1968 – The Turning Point King Objected to Black Power movement
Preaching violence could only end in grief
Planning to lead Poor People’s March on Washington D.C.

18. King’s Death April 3, 1968 – addressed a crowd in Memphis
Next day he stood on his hotel balcony and was shot
James Earl Ray was his assassin

19. Reaction to King’s Death
Robert Kennedy campaigning for presidency as King was assassinated
Scheduled to appear in A.A. neighborhood, advisors say don’t go
He goes anyway pleaing to stop the violence

20. King’s Death led to Riots
Over 100 cities in flames
Baltimore
Chicago
Kansas City
Washington, D.C.

21. Another Kennedy Assassination
Robert Kennedy assassinated in June 1968 by Jordanian immigrant who was angry over Kennedy’s support of Israel

22. Legacy of Civil Rights
Kerner Commission – Johnson appointed to study causes of urban violence
Main cause = white racism
Solution = create more jobs, construct new housing, end de facto segregation
Johnson ignored many recommendations

23. Civil Rights Gains
Ended de jure segregation by bringing legal protection
Civil Rights Act of 1968 – ended discrimination in housing
A.A. had greater pride in racial identity and proudly displayed heritage
Appeared more frequently in movies/TV
More voting = more representation
More A.A. holding public offices
Many activitists went on to be political leaders
Reverand Jesse Jackson
Vernon Jordan
Andrew Young

24. Unfinished Work
Riots and confrontational groups led whites to fear and not support further changes
White flight led to reversed progress in integration of urban schools
Lack of jobs remained

25. Affirmative Action
Making special efforts to hire or enroll groups who have suffered discrimination
Programs adopted by many colleges and government jobs
By 1970’s seen as “reverse discrimination”
1980’s some of the requirements were eased