1. Magnetic Field Patterns

2. A Quick Review of Magnetic Fields

3. When an electric current passes along a wire, a magnetic field is set up around the wire.
For a straight wire, the magnetic field is a circle around the wire.

4. We can use our right hand to determine the direction of the magnetic field.

5. If a compass is placed next to a current carrying conductor, what would happen if the current were reversed?
What would happen if you moved the compass away from the current carrying conductor?

6. When a long wire is wrapped in a coil it is called a solenoid.

7. Prediction: What do you think the magnetic field around a solenoid would look like?
To break it down we could imagine what the field lines would look like for one loop.

8. If we increase the number of loops next to each other we can see that the magnetic field would look like this:

9. Describe the properties of the magnetic field in a solenoid:

10. Conclusion
The magnetic field lines around a wire are circles centered on the wire.
The magnetic field of a solenoid is uniform inside the solenoid and like a bar magnet on the outside.
Increasing the current increases the strength of the magnetic fields; reversing the current reverses the magnetic field lines.
Homework pg. 203 #1,2

11. The Motor Effect

12. When a current passes through a wire in a magnetic field a force is exerted on the wire. This is called the motor effect.

13. Kinetic Movement Field Current
We can use our left hand to determine the direct of the Kinetic movement, Field, and Current (KFC).
Kinetic Movement
Field
Current

14. Use the left hand rule to determine the direction of motion for the following:

15. How could we increase the force?
Increase the current
Use a stronger magnet
How could we reverse the direction of the force?
Reverse the direction of the field
Reverse the direction of the current

16. The Force depends on the angle between the wire and the magnetic field lines. The greatest force occurs when the wire is perpendicular to the field.
The direction of the force is always at right angles to the wire and field lines.

17. The Motor Effect
A current carrying conductor in a magnetic field will experience a force (the motor effect).
In the motor effect, the force:
Is increased if the current or the strength of the magnetic field is increased.
Is at right angles to the direction of the magnetic field and to the wire.
Is reversed if the direction of the current or the magnetic field is reversed.

18. The Electric Motor

19. The motor effect can be used to create an electric motor.

20. The following is a diagram of a simple motor:
Brushes (metal or graphite)
Split-ring commutator

21. What direction is the current flowing in the wire?
Brushes (metal or graphite)
Split-ring commutator

22. What is the direction of the magnetic field?
Brushes (metal or graphite)
Split-ring commutator

23. Use the left hand rule to determine the way the wire will move
Use the left hand rule to determine the way the wire will move. Notice that the current in the wire is flowing in two different directions between the magnets.
Brushes (metal or graphite)
Split-ring commutator

24. These opposing forces will cause the wire to turn.
Brushes (metal or graphite)
Split-ring commutator

25. This video demonstrates a working motor:

26. Why does the motor need brushes and a split-ring commutator?
Brushes (metal or graphite)
Split-ring commutator

27. Brushes (metal or graphite)
Split-ring commutator
The split-ring commutator reverses the current round the coil every half-turn. This means the coil is pushed in the same direction every half-turn.

28. What would happen if we increase the current?
What would happen if we reverse the current?
Brushes (metal or graphite)
Split-ring commutator

29. The Electric Motor Homework: pg. 207 #1,2
A simple electric motor has a rectangular coil of wire that spins in a magnetic field when a current passes through a coil.
The speed of an electric motor is:
Increased if the current is increased
Reversed if the current is reversed
Homework: pg. 207 #1,2

30. Electromagnetic Induction

31. For the electric motor, when a current passes through a magnetic field a force is created.
For a generator, when a wire moves across a magnetic field line a current is induced in the wire.
Motor
Field
Current
Movement
Generator
Field
Movement
Current

32. If a wire is moved through a magnetic field we will produce a current.
Or, if a field is moved through a wire we will produce a current.
Motor
Field
Current
Movement
Generator
Field
Movement
Current

33. Electromagnetic Induction
When a wire passes through the lines of a magnetic field, an emf is induced in a wire.
If the wire is part of a complete circuit, the induced emf causes a current in the circuit.
The current is increased if the wire moves faster or a stronger magnet is used.
The direction of an induced current opposes the change that causes it.
Homework pg.213 #1,2

34. An AC Generator

35. AC Generator Graph

36. The AC Generator
The simple ac generator consists of a coil that spins in a uniform magnetic field.
The slip rings and brush contacts enable the coil to stay connected to the circuit.
The peak value of the induced emf is when the sides of the coil cut directly across the magnetic field lines.
When the sides of the coil move parallel to the field lines, the induced emf is zero.

37. Transformers

38. Not these ones…

39. These ones.

40. Remember:
When a current passes through a solenoid, a magnetic field is created.
The more coils the solenoid has the stronger the magnetic field.
A changing magnetic field creates an alternating current. This creates an alternating voltage in the conductor.
The more turns in a coil, the larger the value of the alternating voltage.

41. A Basic Transformer
A transformer has two coils of insulated wire, both wound round the same iron core as shown below:

42. A Basic Transformer
When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary coil and magnetic field is created in the iron core.

43. A Basic Transformer
This magnetic field will induce an alternating voltage in the secondary coil.

44. Questions
Q: Will the alternating voltage in the secondary coil be more or less than the primary coil? A: It will be less because there are less turns in the coil.

45. Questions
Q: What would happen if both coils had the same number of turns? A: The primary and secondary voltage would be the same.

46. Questions
Q: Why does the primary voltage have to be alternating? A: If it were only in one direction, the magnetic field would not change. Only a changing magnetic field induces a current.

47. The Transformer Equation
Where: Vp – primary voltage Vs – secondary voltage Np – number of primary turns Ns – number of secondary turns

48. Types of Transformers
A step-up transformer has a secondary voltage that is greater than the primary.
A step-down transformer has a secondary voltage that is less than the primary.

49. Example Problem:
A transformer with 500 turns in the primary coil and 100 turns in the secondary coil has a secondary voltage of 12V. What is the primary voltage? What type of transformer is this?

50. Summary
A transformer consists of a primary coil and a secondary coil wrapped on the same iron core.
Transformers only work using alternating current.
The alternating current in the primary coil creates an alternating magnetic field in the iron core which induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil.
The transformer equation is:

51. High-voltage transmission of electricity

52. Electricity is transferred using high-voltage transmission
Electricity is transferred using high-voltage transmission. We will examine why it is more efficient to transfer electricity using a high voltage.

53. Efficiency
The efficiency of a system is the percentage of energy entering the system that is turned into useful energy.
If I put 100J of electric energy into a lamp and 75J of light energy comes out, I would say that my lamp is 75% efficient.
That means that 25% of the energy has gone somewhere else. Where did it go?

54. Efficiency
When current is traveling down a conductor why does it lose energy?
It loses energy because the conductor has resistance. The current in the conductor causes it to heat up, which means that electrical energy is lost to heat energy.
How could we transfer the same amount of electrical energy, but reduce the amount of energy lost?
If we increase the voltage we can reduce the current but transfer the same amount of energy.

55. Transformers
Transformers are used to step up and down voltages, so that a lower current can be used to transfer electricity.
Transformers are almost 100% efficient. That means that almost all the electrical power supplied to the primary coil is supplied to the secondary coil.
Remember the equation for electrical power?
P = IV
So for a 100% efficient transformer Pp = Ps.

56. Efficiency Equation IpVp = IsVs
Where Ip – primary current Is – secondary current Vp – primary voltage Vs – secondary voltage

57. Summary Transformers are used to step voltages up or down.
High voltage transmission of electricity is much more efficient than transmission at much lower voltages.
Homework pg. 219 #1,2

58. Cathode Rays

59. A discharge tube
Discharge tubes were invented in 1870 by William Crookes.
He showed that by applying a high voltage across a low pressure gas, the gas would begin to glow.

60. A discharge tube
Crookes also found that different gasses produce a different colour.

61. A discharge tube
In a discharge tube the negatively charged plate is called the cathode, and the positively charged plate is called the anode.

62. Investigating the tube
By placing a paddle wheel inside the tube, Crookes was able to show that the that the wheel rotates due to radiation in the tube. He was able to show that the radiation began at the cathode. He named them cathode rays.

63. Investigating the tube
John Thomson showed that cathode rays are deflected by an electric field. By taking careful measurements he showed that cathode rays are made of negatively charged particles. They became known as electrons.
Cathode rays are beams of electrons.

64. Thermionic Emission
An electron tube is a more controlled way to produce an electron beam.
A filament is heated so that the electrons gain enough kinetic energy to leave. This is known as thermionic emission.

65. Thermionic Emission
If we have a small hole in the anode, some of the electrons will go through the hole. This will create a narrow beam.

66. Deflecting Cathode Rays
Cathode rays are negatively charged. They will be deflected by a magnetic field.
We can use this fact to direct electron beams where we want.

67. Deflecting Cathode Rays
Increasing the pd between the anode and cathode increases the speed of electrons.
Changing the pd in the deflecting coils will change the direction of the electron beam.

68. Cathode Rays Summary
Cathode rays are electrons that travel towards the anode (positive) after being emitted from the cathode (negative).
Thermionic emission is the emission of electrons from a heated filament.
A beam of electrons can be produced by attracting electrons from a heated filament towards a positive electrode (anode) in a vacuum tube.
Cathode rays are deflected by electric and magnetic fields.
Homework pg. 209 #1,2

69. The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

70. Using electric fields to deflect cathode rays
Cathode rays are beams of electrons. That means they are negatively charge.
If they pass between a positive and negative plate they will be attracted towards the positive plate.

71. Oscilloscopes
By using a horizontal and vertical electric field the electrons can be deflected in any direction.
The bigger the pd between the plates, the larger the deflection.
If the pd is reversed, the direction of deflection will be reversed.

72. Oscilloscopes

73. We can use cathode rays to create way paterns

74. What are they used for?
They provide a way to visualize electrical voltage.
The voltage can be compared to a change in time or with other voltages.
They can also show the time between two events, even if those events occur very close together.

75. Oscilloscope Summary
Cathode rays passing between oppositely charged plates are deflected towards the positive plate.
The deflection is increased if the pd is increased.
In the cathode ray oscilloscope, a narrow beam of electrons is deflected by two pairs of deflecting plates.
Homework pg. 211 #1