1. Instructor Name: (Your Name)
CHAPTER
Basic Electronics 6
Instructor Name: (Your Name)

2. Learning Objectives List the various types of resistors
Determine whether a diode is forward biased or reverse biased in a circuit
Test a diode with a DMM
Explain the function of a zener diode
Describe the operation of a bipolar transistor
Explain the difference between a transistor being used as an amplifier and a transistor being used as a relay or a switch

3. Learning Objectives (continued)
Describe the operation of a field effect transistor (FET)
Discuss the concept of a high side driver and a low side driver

4. Resistors Limit the current flow through a circuit Divide voltage
Give off heat
Two main types of resistors; fixed and variable

5. Fixed Resistors and Color Code
Figure 6-1 Fixed-value resistors: physical size of resistor increases as wattage rating of resistor increases.
Figure 6-2 Resistor color code.

6. Stepped Value Variable Resistor
Figure 6-3 Stepped-value resistor network.

7. Infinitely Variable Resistor
Figure 6-4 Infinitely variable resistor.

8. Potentiometer
Figure 6-7 Potentiometer.

9. Semiconductors A material that is neither a good nor a poor conductor
Silicon is the most common used in electronics
Semiconductors usually have a negative temperature coefficient (NTC)
Pure silicon has four valence electrons
Impurities added to silicone is a process called doping
Doping with a material that has excessive electrons creates an N-type junction
Doping with a material that has excessive holes creates a P-type junction

10. N-Type Semiconductor Doped With Arsenic
Figure 6-9 N-Type semiconductor doped with arsenic (As).

11. P-Type Semiconductor Doped With Boron
Figure 6-10 P-Type semiconductor doped with boron (B).

12. Diodes
Two terminal semiconductor that acts as a one way check valve to current flow
The schematic symbol of a diode shows the direction of current flow through the device
If a diode is inserted in a circuit so that it allows current flow it is forward biased
If a diode is inserted in a circuit so that is does not allow current flow it is reversed biased
The positive terminal of a diode is the anode
The negative terminal of a diode the cathode

13. Diode and Schematic Symbol
Figure 6-15 Stripe indicates cathode end of diode.
Figure 6-12 Diode voltage.

14. Diodes (continued)
Diodes will not permit current flow in the forward bias direction until 0.7V is dropped across the diode
A diode will always drop approximately 0.7V regardless of the current or voltage in the circuit
Diodes have a rated limit to reverse bias voltage called the inverse voltage rating
If the inverse voltage rating is exceeded the diode will be destroyed

15. Diode Testing With a DMM
Figure 6-19 Diode testing using DMM.

16. Light-Emitting Diodes
Figure 6-21 Schematic symbol for LED.

17. Zener Diode
In the forward biased direction zener diodes act like a regular diode and allow current flow
A zener diode has a rating referred to the zener voltage
Once the zener voltage is reached in the reverse bias direction the zener will switch on and conduct current in the reversed bias direction

18. Bipolar Transistors
Bipolar transistors are made up of P-type and N-type junctions
There are two major types of bipolar transistors PNP and NPN
A PNP type is like a sandwich of N-type material between two slices of P-type material
An NPN type is like a sandwich of P-type material between two slices of N-type material

19. NPN Bipolar Transistor
Figure 6-26 NPN bipolar transistor.

20. Bipolar Transistors (continued)
The P-type layer of an NPN transistor is the base
One of the N-type layers is called the emitter
The other N-type layer is called the collector
The emitter, collector, and base are labeled E, C, and B
Transistors amplify low level signals to a higher level signal
Transistors act as switches similar to a relay

21. Bipolar Transistors (continued)
The collector of a bipolar transistor is connected to the positive terminal of the supply voltage
The base of a bipolar transistor is connected to the small signal that will be amplified
The emitter of a bipolar transistor is connected to the load device and the load is connected to the negative terminal of the supply voltage

22. Transistor Amplifying the Base Current
Figure 6-28 Transistor amplifying the base current.

23. NPN Transistor Used As a Switch
Figure 6-29 NPN transistor used as a switch.

24. Transistors Connected as a Darlington Pair
Figure 6-30 Darlington pair permits a very small current to control a very large current.

25. Field Effect Transistors (FET)
FET’s are controlled by voltage not current
The drain of an FET corresponds to the collector of a bipolar transistor
The gate of an FET corresponds to the base of a bipolar transistor
The source of an FET corresponds to the emitter of a bipolar transistor
The voltage difference between the gate and the source voltage controls the resistance between the drain and the source

26. N-Channel JFET Schematic Symbol
Figure 6-31 N-channel JFET schematic symbol.

27. P-Channel JFET Figure 6-32
P-channel JFET is similar to a normally closed relay.

28. Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET
Figure 6-33 Enhancement-mode MOSFET symbols.

29. Drivers Drivers are transistors used to switch high-current devices
When the transistor is providing a path to ground it is described as a low side driver
When a device is providing a path to ground it is said to be sinking
When the transistor is providing a path for positive voltage it is describes as a high side device
When a device is providing power it is said to be sourcing

30. Low Side Driver Sinks Current to Ground
Figure 6-34 Low side driver sinks current to ground.

31. High Side Driver Sources Current to the Load
Figure 6-35 High side driver sources current to the load.

32. Tech Tip
A device controlled by a low side driver located inside an electronic control module will typically be connected to a positive voltage at one terminal and the electronic control module on the other. A device controlled by a high side driver will typically be connected to ground at one terminal and the electronic control module at the other terminal.

33. Voltage Dropped Across Transistor Collector to Emitter
Figure 6-36 Voltage dropped across transistor collector to emitter indicates transistor is acting as an amplifier.

34. Transistor Acting as a Switch
Figure 6-37 Transistor saturated; increasing base current will not result in any additional collector-emitter current; transistor is acting as a switch in ON position.

35. Summary
Resistors are used for three main purposes; limit current flow, divide voltage, and give off heat. Resistors may be fixed or variable value.
A rheostat is a two terminal variable resistor. A rheostat is often used to control the amount of current flow in a circuit. A wiper moves over a resistive track, causing a change in the amount of resistance between two terminals.
A potentiometer is a three terminal variable resistor. A potentiometer is typically used to divide voltage.

36. Summary (continued)
A diode is a two terminal device that acts as a one way check valve for current flow. When current is flowing through the diode, the diode is said to be forward biased. When the diode is blocking the flow of current, the diode is said to be reversed biased.
Diodes and many other electronic devices are made of silicon. Silicon mixed with impurities can form N-type and P-type semiconductor materials. Placing these two types of silicon next to each other causes a junction to form. This PN junction is the basis of many electronic components.

37. Summary (continued)
The positive end of a diode is known as the anode; the negative end of a diode is know as the cathode. A stripe around the girth of a diode signifies the cathode end of the diode.
Diodes can be tested outside a circuit using a DMM or an analog ohmmeter. The diode should have a very high resistance when reverse biased by the ohmmeter, and a very low resistance when forward biased by the ohmmeter.

38. Summary (continued)
A light emitting diode (LED) is a special diode that gives off visible light when forward biased. An LED always requires some sort of means of limiting current flow through the LED, unlike standard light bulbs.
A zener diode is a special diode that acts like a standard rectifier diode in the forward biased direction. In the reverse biased direction, the zener diode will permit current flow after the zener voltage is reached.

39. Summary (continued)
A transistor is a device that amplifies a small signal into a large signal. A transistor can be used as an amplifier in devices such as radios. A transistor can also be used as a relay.
Bipolar transistors are three terminal devices and contain two PN-type material junctions. The three terminal are identified as the base, collector, and emitter. Bipolar transistors are current controlled devices. Bipolar transistors can be NPN or PNP type.

40. Summary (continued)
Field effect transistors (FET) are three terminal devices. The three terminal are identified as the source, gate, and drain. FETs are voltage controlled devices.
Transistors that are used as relays may be called drivers. Drivers that provide a path to ground for a device when switched on are known as low side devices. A low side driver is said to sink current. Drivers that supply a positive voltage when switched on are called high side drivers. A high side driver is said to source current.