1. History of the Atomic Model

2. The Battle of the two Philosophers…
VS.
Aristotle
Democritus

3. DEVELOPS THE IDEA OF THE ATOM.
460 BC Democritus – Greek Model
DEVELOPS THE IDEA OF THE ATOM.
He pounds materials in his mortar and pestle until he reduces them to smaller and smaller particles which he ultimately calls…
ATOMOS
(greek for indivisible)

4. Democritus – Greek Model
Atoms are solid & homogeneous
all atoms made of the same material.
Different types of atoms have different shapes and sizes.
The different shapes and sizes of the atoms determine the different properties of the substances
Atoms are infinite in number.

5. Aristotle – Greek Model
Earth, Fire, Air and Water approach to the nature of matter.
All substances made of these four elements
Blend these in different proportions to get all substances
Transmute Lead into GOLD

6. ARISTOTLE WINS!!!
Democritus’ idea of “atoms” was ignored and forgotten for more than 2000 years!

8. Dalton combines the idea of elements with that of atoms!
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
John Dalton - Billiard Ball Model (England)
1808
All matter is made up of tiny spheres called …
ATOMS
Dalton combines the idea of elements with that of atoms!

9. Dalton’s Atomic Theory Billiard Ball Model
All elements are composed of atoms.
indivisible and indestructible
Atoms of the same element are alike
Atoms of different elements are different
Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms.

11. Here comes the Electron…

12. HISTORY OF THE ATOM ELECTRON Joseph John Thomson Plum Pudding Model
1898
found that atoms could sometimes eject a far smaller negative particle which he called an
ELECTRON

13. J. J. Thomson (1898) – Plum Pudding Model

14. J. J. Thomson (1898) Plum Pudding Model
Thomson studied the passage of an electric current through a gas using cathode-ray tubes.
As the current passed through the gas, it gave off rays of negatively charged particles.

15. Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source - +
Metal Disks

16. - + Thomson’s Experiment Voltage source
Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the positive end
These rays were a stream of negatively charged particles

17. Thomson’s Experiment + - Voltage source
By adding an electric field he found that the moving pieces were negative

18.
Watch a real one in action!

19. Thomson was surprised
If atoms of the gas were uncharged. Where had the negative charges come from?
Thomson concluded that the negative charges came from within the atom.
A particle smaller than an atom had to exist.
The atom was divisible!

20. Thomson (1898) Plum Pudding Model
Thomson called the negatively charged “corpuscles,” today known as electrons.
He was unable to discover the positive charge that allows an atom to be neutral.

21. J.J. Thomson (1898) Plum Pudding Model
His model is called the “Plum Pudding” model.
Atoms were made from a positively charged substance with negatively charged electrons scattered about, like raisins in a pudding.
Plum Pudding

22. Atoms are now considered divisible.
Thank you J. J. !!
Atoms are now considered divisible.

23. Here comes the Proton…

24. Ernest Rutherford (1909) Nuclear Model
Rutherford’s experiment Involved firing a stream of tiny positively charged particles at a thin sheet of gold foil (2000 atoms thick)
Was a Student of J.J. Thomson.

25. Here’s what it looked like
Rutherford’s experiment
Here’s what it looked like

26. Flourescent
Screen
Lead block
Uranium
Gold Foil

27. He Expected
The alpha particles to pass through without changing direction very much.
Because…
The positive charges were spread out evenly. Alone they were not enough to stop the alpha particles.

28. What he expected…

29. What he expected…

30. Because…

31. Because he thought the positive charge was evenly distributed in the atom

32. Because, he thought the positive charge was evenly distributed in the atom

33. What he got…
The alpha particles were deflected in all different directions

34. How he explained it… + Atom is mostly empty Small dense, positive
piece at center
Alpha particles are deflected by it
if they get close
enough.

35. +

36. Density and the Atom
Since most of the particles went through, the atom was mostly empty
Because the alpha particles deflected so much, the positive pieces in the core of the atom had to be very heavy
Positive core had a small volume, big mass, big density
This small dense positive area is the nucleus

37. Ernest Rutherford (1909) Nuclear Model
Rutherford reasoned that all of an atom’s positively charged particles were contained in the nucleus. The negatively charged particles were scattered outside the nucleus around the atom’s edge.
He called the center of the atom the “nucleus”
The nucleus is tiny compared to the atom as a whole.

38. Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

39. Niels Bohr (1913) Planetary Model
In 1913, the Danish scientist Niels Bohr proposed an improvement. In his model, he placed each electron in a specific energy level.

40. Niels Bohr (1913) Planetary Model
Electrons move in definite orbits around the nucleus, much like planets circle the sun.
These orbits, or energy levels, are located at certain distances from the nucleus.
Each orbit contains a set number of electrons.

41. Erwin Schrodinger (1926) Wave Model
The exact location of an electron cannot be stated.
Electrons are in regions called electron clouds.
Atom mostly empty space

42. Erwin Schrodinger (1926) Wave Model

43. Wave model No definite path for electron.
Can only predict the odds of the location of the electron.

44. James Chadwick (1931)
Realized that the atomic mass of most elements was double the number of protons.
Bombarded beryllium atoms with alpha particles.
An unknown radiation was produced. Chadwick interpreted this radiation as being composed of particles with a neutral electrical charge and the approximate mass of a proton.
This particle became known as the neutron.
With the discovery of the neutron, an adequate model of the atom became available to chemists.

45. Democritus & John Dalton
Progression of the Atomic Model + -
The structure of an atom, according to:
Democritus & John Dalton
James Chadwick
J.J. Thomson
Neils Bohr
Ernest Rutherford
Erwin Schrodinger

46. Murray Gell-Mann & George Zweig (1964) Quantum Theory – Standard Model
Gell-Mann found that all the elements of an atom are held together by quarks. To find this, he blasted high speed electrons into a hydrogen atom.
Zweig proposed the existence of quarks.
George Zweig

47. Quarks – Quantum Theory- Standard Model
Protons are made from 2 up quarks and 1 down quark
Neutrons are made from 1 up quark and 2 down quarks.

48. Cheesy Song