1. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Presented by: Brian V. Jarvis Wright State University: CEG790-01 Winter 2004, 2 February 2004 bvjarvis@woh.rr.com Sunil Gowda, Expedia.com, Seattle, WA Krishna M. Sivalingam, Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD IEEE INFOCOM 2003

2. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 2 Introduction Background Proposed Mechanisms Performance Analysis Conclusions

3. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 3 Introduction Background Proposed Mechanisms Performance Analysis Conclusions

4. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 4 Introduction Exponential growth in bandwidth requirements This paper considers routing algorithm designs for optical WDM networks Fault-tolerance (survivability) is an important consideration Survivability is introduced into an optical network Three different mechanisms to help improve network performance Conversion Free Primary Routing (CFPR) Converter Multiplexing Technique (CMT) Backup Path Relocation Scheme (BPRS) Results indicate that the proposed algorithms: Reduced the required number of wavelength converters at each node by 75%. Reduced the overall blocking probability from 60% to nearly 100%. Reduced the number of primary paths undergoing conversion. Reduced overall network blocking probability by up to an order of magnitude. Provided higher improvements for low to moderate loads. All with negligible additional overhead.

5. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 5 Introduction Background Proposed Mechanisms Performance Analysis Conclusions Present relevant background material on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks, routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithms, protection techniques, and wavelength router architectures that incorporate conversion.

6. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 6 Background Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) Problem A dynamic network model where connection requests arrive randomly. Determining the end-to-end route and the specific wavelength Static or dynamic routing scheme approaches Static routing scheme Dynamic routing scheme (this technique is used in this paper)

7. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 7 Background Wavelength Router Architecture Without wavelength conversion, connections are often blocked With wavelength conversion, the lightpath can use different wavelengths High cost, lack of availability, signal degradation Various optical wavelength conversion techniques Minimize the usage of wavelength conversion Reduce the number of converters required Location of wavelength converters Three architectures for a wavelength convertible switch Dedicated Share-per-link Share-per-node

8. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 8 Dedicated Wavelength Convertible Switch Architecture WC De-Multiplexers Multiplexers Input Links OptIcalSwitchOptIcalSwitch Output Links A wavelength converter is available at each output port. The incoming optical signal is de-multiplexed into separate wavelengths. The output signal may have its wavelength changed. The various wavelengths are multiplexed.

9. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 9 Share-per-node Wavelength Convertible Switch Architecture De-Multiplexers Multiplexers Input Links OptIcalSwitchOptIcalSwitch Output Links WCBWCB OSWOSW A wavelength converter bank (WCB) is available at the optical switch. The incoming optical signal is de-multiplexed into separate wavelengths. Only the wavelengths that require conversion are directed to the WCB. Converted wavelengths are switched to the appropriate outbound fiber link. The various wavelengths are multiplexed.

10. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 10 Share-per-link Wavelength Convertible Switch Architecture WCB De-Multiplexers Multiplexers Input Links OptIcalSwitchOptIcalSwitch Output Links WCB A wavelength converter bank (WCB) is available at each outgoing fiber link. The incoming optical signal is de-multiplexed into separate wavelengths. The optical switch is configured to direct wavelengths toward a particular link. Only the wavelengths that require conversion are directed to the WCB. The various wavelengths are multiplexed.

11. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 11 Protection in Mesh-Topology WDM Networks Link Failures Node Failures Recovery Mechanisms Protection (proactive) Backup lightpaths are identified and resources are reserved along the backup lightpaths at the time of establishing the primary lightpath itself. Faster recovery 100 percent restoration guarantee Restoration (reactive) When an existing lightpath fails, a search is initiated to find a new lightpath which does not use the failed components. (After the failure happens) Longer restoration time It can not guarantee successful recovery,

12. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 12

13. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 13 Lightpath Migration Migration of lightpath onto new paths to accommodate other connections. A virtual topology reconfiguration scheme to adapt to the changing traffic patterns – modeled as an integrated linear programming (ILP) formulation Lightpaths are torn down and re-established, providing better paths for the primary. During reconfiguration, transmission on that path is terminated. Other migration schemes studied. (Not presented here.)

14. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 14 Introduction Background Proposed Mechanisms Performance Analysis Conclusions Presents the network architecture studied and the details of three proposed mechanisms.

15. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 15 Network Architecture Dynamic routing; shortest path is computed between nodes based on current situation. Path level protection; with dedicated and shared protection schemes for backup paths. Wavelength router architecture is based on share-per-node wavelength converter configuration. – Offers the best cost to performance ratio. Connections are blocked only if free wavelength or wavelength converters are unavailable. The design goals of the proposed mechanisms are to: Improve performance Increase cost effectiveness Proposed mechanisms: Conversion-Free Primary Routing (CFPR) Converter Multiplexing Technique (CMT) Backup-Path Relocation (BPR)

16. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 16 Conversion Free Primary Routing (CFPR) The goal is to avoid wavelength conversions while routing primary connections. Multi-layered graph is used, the layers representing individual wavelength planes. CFPR algorithm models such a graph. For each wavelength plane, the nodes are the physical nodes. 1 2 4 3 5 Wavelength 0 1 2 4 3 5 Wavelength 1 1 2 4 3 5 Wavelength 2 Backup path b Blocked route Unoccupied wavelengths// Wavelengths occupied by Backup paths Wavelengths occupied by Primary paths

17. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 17 Potential primary path with some component links overlapping existing backup paths Advantages of CFPR: Reduces conversion delays and degradation due to converters Reduces costs Lower computational complexity Computes path on each wavelength separately; alternate paths are available if shorted paths are blocked Conversion Free Primary Routing (CFPR) An overlapping segment is defined as the part of the backup path occupying the wavelength assigned to the requested connection. Relocation schemes may be used to relocate these overlapping segments.

18. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 18 Converter Multiplexing: Based on backup path multiplexing. Allows wavelength converters to be shared among multiple backup paths The converters are reserved during the establishment of the backup paths. Objective is to: – Reduce the number of connections blocked – Reduce the numbers of converters in use.

19. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 19 Converter Multiplexing Between Paths b 1 and b 2 Converter Multiplexing: The node returns a CONV-RESV-ACK message if the request is accepted. The node returns a CONV-RESV-NACK message if the request is not accepted. A wavelength conversion status table (WCST) is maintained. When a network fails, a CONV-SETUP message is sent to the node.

20. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 20 Wavelength Converter Status Table Converter Multiplexing: Node checks the WCST to select a wavelength converter. The appropriate entry is inserted into the WCST Wavelength converter identifier Connection (session) identifier Incoming port & associated wavelength Outgoing port & associated wavelength Path status (free, primary, reserved)

21. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 21 Backup Path Relocation (BPR) Used when it becomes necessary for primary paths to accommodate certain routes which are occupied by the backup path. Objective is to: Help in providing primary paths with fewer hops. Reduce blocking. Improve network utilization. Two relocation schemes are used to migrate an overlapping backup segment. Wavelength Relocation (WR). Segment Relocation (SR). Backup paths are relocated only if all overlapping segments can be relocated. If relocation fails, none of the overlapping segments are relocated.

22. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 22 Examples of backup path relocation mechanisms. (Network states before relocation)(Network states after relocation)

23. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 23 Introduction Background Proposed Mechanisms Performance Analysis Conclusions Presents the performance analysis of the proposed techniques, based on a discrete-event simulation model.

24. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 24 Simulation Model A dynamic network traffic model Connection requests arrive at a node Each connection request is assignment a wavelength Traffic load is defined in Erlangs. Share-per-node architecture is used; all nodes allocate an equal number of converters. Both the dedicated and shared protection schemes are studied. Simulations are performed for two networks: A 24-node ARPANET-like network with 16 and 32 wavelength on each link. The results for this network is discussed. Also, a random 50-node network with 32 wavelength per link.

25. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 25 Comparison of mechanisms Basic hop-count (HC) based shortest path routing algorithm, CFPR routing algorithm with wavelength relocation, and CFPR routing algorithm with segment relocation. The notation X-Y-Z is used to specify an algorithm, where – X {HC,CFPR} denotes the routing algorithm, – Y {NR,WR,SR} denotes no relocation, wavelength relocation and segment relocation respectively, and – Z {DP,SP} denotes dedicated and shared protection, respectively. The performance metrics presented are the: – blocking probability (Pb), – link and converter utilization, – average hop count, and – backup path relocation statistics

26. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 26 Blocking Probability Network blocking probability; attempt to minimize this metric Architectures employing converter multiplexing and backup path relocation schemes perform significantly better than the basic scheme. CFPR with WR/SR has lower Pb than that of the basic scheme.

27. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 27 Graph demonstrates the reduction in the number of converters required per node. For an offered load of 3.0 Erlangs, the basic architecture needs a minimum of 16 converters to offer a blocking probability of less than10−1. The new techniques offer the same performance for as few as 4 converters. We can also observe that having more than 8 converters, does not lower the blocking probability any further. Reduction in Number of Converters.

28. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 28 Percentages of Connections Blocked Due to Wavelength Unavailability and Converter Unavailability. Reasons for blocked connections Converter unavailability accounts for: 2% - 3% for the CFPR-based techniques w/dedicated protection 20% for the CFPR-based techniques w/shared protection 99% for the basic scheme w/dedicated protection 100% for the basic scheme w/shared protection

29. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 29 Average Hop Count Graph shows the average hop count of the primary paths for accepted connections. Basic scheme exhausts all the converters as the network load increases. In comparison, the converter multiplexing based algorithms have a steady hop count. * hop = the number of links between a pair of nodes.

30. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 30 Revenue Metric Metric based on the number of hops routed. Defined as the shortest–hop count based on the static topology. For the basic scheme the revenue drops when load increases The proposed algorithms, show only a marginal drop in revenue.

31. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 31 Conversion Statistics One objective was to provide wavelength-conversion free paths for the primary paths. Around 30% of the basic routing scheme connections need at least one wavelength converter. The proposed algorithm eliminates the need for wavelength conversion.

32. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 32 Relocation Statistics Performance of systems with and without backup path relocation schemes. When relocation was deployed, the blocking probability was lower. More significant benefits were seen in the context of wavelength conversion. Results indicate that the backup relocation overhead is manageable, and only a reasonable number of relocations are necessary.

33. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 33 Introduction Background Proposed Mechanisms Performance Analysis Conclusions Wraps up and concludes the paper.

34. Protection Mechanisms for Optical WDM Networks based on Wavelength Converter Multiplexing and Backup Path Relocation Techniques Monday, February 02, 2004 34 Conclusion Three different mechanisms were proposed and analyzed. – The proposed converter multiplexing scheme reduces the number of connections blocked. – The CFPR routing algorithm significantly reduced the number of primary connections undergoing wavelength conversion. Two different backup path relocation mechanisms were presented – Analysis showed that the combination of the mechanisms results in substantial reduction in blocking probability. – Also, lower number of converters were required per node to achieve a target blocking probability. The additional overhead of using segment relocation compared to the wavelength relocation scheme did not result in much improvement.