1. Chapter 27 Quantum Physics

2.  Understand the relationship between wavelength and intensity for blackbody radiation  Understand how Planck’s Hypothesis explained the relationship between wavelength and intensity for blackbody radiation

3.  Thermal Radiation  What is it?  How does it occur?

4.  Blackbody Radiation  What is it?  How does it work?  Graph of Intensity of BBR vs. Wavelength  The Ultraviolet Catastrophe

6.  1858 – 1947  He Provided the Explanation for the spectral distribution of Blackbody Radiation (1900 )  Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1918

7.  http://www.electro- optical.com/bb_rad/bb_rad.htm http://www.electro- optical.com/bb_rad/bb_rad.htm  http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/ black_body_radiation.html http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/ black_body_radiation.html

8.  Proposed electric oscillators called resonators  Resonators are quantized ( E n = nh f )  Resonators emit/absorb energy in discrete units called quanta (photons)  The Birth of Quantum Physics

9.  Understand how the photoelectric effect gives credence to the particle theory of light  Know how to use the work function to solve problems involving the photoelectric effect

10.  When light is incident on certain metallic surfaces, electrons are emitted  Photoelectrons  Hertz  Einstein’s (1905) explanation

12.  Graph of photoelectric current vs. potential difference (  V)  Current dependent on intensity  Current dependent on,  V

13.  Stopping Potential  KE max = e  V s  Independent of the radiation intensity  Work Function  Cutoff Wavelength  c = c/ f c = hc/ 

14.  Wave Theory could not explain:  Cutoff Frequency  KE max independent of intensity  KE max increases with light frequency  Electrons are emitted instantaneously  Photon Theory accounts for:   the work function  KE max = h f –   Depends only on light frequency  1 - 1interaction b/w photons and electrons  Linear relationship b/w f and KE max

15.  Photoelectric Cell  Street lights  Breathalyzer

16.  Understand the nature and production of x- rays so you can:  Calculate the shortest of x-rays that may be produced by electrons accelerated through a specified voltage

17.  Wilhelm Roentgen first noticed them in 1895 while studying electrical discharges  Characteristics of x-rays  Traveled at or near the speed of light  Were not deflected by electric or magnetic fields

18.  In 1912 Max von Laue suggested diffracting x- rays  Used atomic crystal lattice as a diffraction grating  determined the wavelength of x-rays to be about 0.1 nm

19.  The Production of x-rays  Electrons are accelerated through a  V of several thousand volts  Electrons collide with a metal plate  X-rays are the energy emitted when the electrons are decelerated, but why are they decelerated?  Threshold voltage

20.  Graph x-ray intensity vs. wavelength  Continuous broad spectrum dependent on the applied voltage. Why?  Characteristic spikes in the graph are dependent on the target material  min = hc/(e  V) Shortest wavelength radiation that can be produced

21.  Understand the concept of Compton scattering so you can  Describe Compton’s experiment, state the results, and how these results are explained  Account for the increase of photon wavelength, and explain the significance of the Compton wavelength

22.  Compton’s Experiment  X-ray beam of a specified wavelength, 0, directed at a block of graphite  Result was the scattered x-rays had a longer wavelength,,  Amount of energy reduction depended on the angle at which the x-rays were scattered  The change in wavelength, , is the Compton Shift.

23.  Compton’s Explanation  Photon  particle collision similar to billiard ball collisions. Which means what?   =  –  0 = h/(m e c) *(1 – cos  )  Compton Wavelength, h /(m e c), is very small compared to visible light.

24.  Understand the concept of DeBroglie wavelength so they can:  Calculate the wavelength of a particle as a function of its momentum  Describe the Davison-Germer experiment, and explain how it provides evidence for the wave nature of electrons

25.  Energy of a photon is converted completely into mass, pair production  Electron and positron are created from a photon  Energy, momentum, & charge are conserved

26.  Minimum energy required to produce a positron  h f min = 2m e c 2 ( E = mc 2 )  Pair production cannot occur in a vaccum, but can only occur in the presence of a massive particle (nucleus)

27.  Pair Annihilation: electron-positron pair produce two photons  Momentum has to be conserved

28.  Double slit experiment shooting particles at a double slit Double slit experiment shooting particles at a double slit

29.  Photoelectric Effect  Compton Effect  X-Rays  Pair Production & Annihilation