1. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 31 Bending of Beams Bending moment of a Beam Uniform Bending (Theory and Experiment) Worked Problem

2. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 32 Bending of Beams A beam is a rod or bar of uniform cross–section (circular or rectangular) whose length is very much greater than its thickness as shown in Figure A beam is considered to be made up of a large number of thin plane layers called surfaces placed one above the other.

3. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 33 Consider a beam to be bent into an arc of a circle by the application of an external couple as shown Figure Taking the longitudinal section ABCD of the bent beam,the layers in the upper half are elongated while those in the lower half are compressed.

4. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 34 In the middle there is a layer (MN) which is not elongated or compressed due to bending of the beam. This layer is called the ‘neutral surface’ and the line (MN) at which the neutral layer intersects the plane of bending is called the ‘neutral axis’. It is obvious that the length of the filament increases or decreases in proportion to its distance away from the neutral axis MN.

5. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 35 The layers below MN are compressed and those above MN are elongated and there will be such pairs of layers one above MN and one below MN experiencing same forces of elongation and compression due to bending and each pair forms a couple. The resultant of the moments of all these internal couples are called the internal bending moment and in the equilibrium condition, this is equal to the external bending moment.

6. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 36 Bending Moment of a Beam Consider the section PBCP’, the extended filaments lying above the neutral axis MN are in state of tension and exert an inward pull on the filament adjacent to them towards the fixed end of the beam. M N C B P’ D A P Load

7. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 37 In the same way the shortened filaments lying below the neutral axis MN are in a state of compression and exert an outward push on the filaments adjacent to them towards the loaded end of the beam. As a result tensile and compressive stresses develop in the upper and lower halves of the beam respectively and form a couple which opposes to bending of the beam. The moment of this couple is called the moment of the resistance. When the beam is in equilibrium position the bending moment and restoring moment or moment of resistance should be equal.

8. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 38 To find an expression for the moment of the restoring couple consider a fiber DC at a distance r from the neutral axis MN as shown in Figure Let the radius of curvature be R and ф be the angle subtended by it at the centre of curvature. In unstrained position of the beam, the length of the fiber DC = MN = Rф. In the strained position the length of the fibre, C A M B D ф N DC = (R + r) ф

9. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 39 Strain in the fiber DC, = or

10. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 310 i.e., strain is proportional to the distance from the neutral axis. Let the area of the fiber be A and its neutral axis be at a distance r from neutral axis of the beam and the strain produced be r/R. We have Stress = Y x Strain = Y r / R Hence, force on the area A F = Y(r/R) x A Therefore the moment of this force about MN = Y(r/R) x A x r = Y A r 2 / R

11. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 311 As the moment of the forces acting on both the upper and lower halves of the section are in the same direction, the total moment of the forces acting on the filaments due to straining where I g is the geometrical moment of inertia and is equal to AK 2, A being the total area of the section and K being the radius of gyration of the beam

12. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 312 :. moment of the forces In equilibrium, bending moment of the beam is equal and opposite to the moment of bending couple due to the load on one end. :. Bending moment of the beam = The quantity YI g (=YAK 2 ) is called the flexural rigidity of the beam. Flexural rigidity is defined as the bending moment required to produce a unit radius of curvature.

13. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 313 Uniform Bending The beam is loaded uniformly on its both ends, the bent beam forms an arc of a circle. An elevation in the beam is produced. This bending is called uniform bending. Consider a beam (or bar) AB arranged horizontally on two knife – edges C and D symmetrically so that AC = BD = a,as shown in Figure

14. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 314 The beam is loaded with equal weights W and W at the ends A and B. The reactions on the knife edges at C and D are equal to W and W acting vertical upwards. The external bending moment on the part AF of the beam is = W x AF – W x CF = W (AF – CF) = W x AC = W x a

15. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 315 Internal bending moment = where Y - Youngs’ modulus of the material of the bar I g - Geometrical moment of inertia of the cross- section of beam R - Radius of curvature of the bar at F In the equilibrium position, external bending moment = internal bending moment

16. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 316 Since for a given value of W, the values of a, Y and I g are constants, R is constant so that the beam is bent uniformly into an arc of a circle of radius R. CD = l and y is the elevation of the midpoint E of the beam so that y = EF D F C O y R l/2 E

17. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 317 EF (2R – EF) = (CE)2 y (2R – y) = y 2R = (y 2 is negligible) y =

18. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 318 or Wa = or

19. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 319 If the beam is of rectangular cross-section,, where b is the breath and d is the thickness of beam. If M is the mass, the corresponding weight W = Mg

20. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 320 Hence from which Y the Young’s modulus of the material of the bar is determined.

21. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 321 Experiment A rectangular beam (or bar) AB of uniform – section is supported horizontally on two knife – edges A and B as shown in Figure

22. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 322 Two weight hangers of equal masses are suspended from the ends of the beam. A pin is arranged vertically at the mid-point of the beam. A microscope is focused on the tip of the pin. Initial reading of the microscope in the vertical scale is noted.

23. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 323 Equal weights are added to both hangers simultaneously and the reading of the microscope in the vertical scale in noted. The experiment is repeated for decreasing order of magnitude of the equal masses. The observations are then tabulated and the mean elevation (y) at the mid point of the bar is determined.

24. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 324 Load in Kg Microscope reading elevationMean elevation(y) for a load of M. Load increasing Load decreasing Mean W W+50 gms W+100 gms W+150 gms W+200 gms W+250 gms

25. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 325 The length of the bar between the knife edges ‘l’ is measured. The distance of one of the weight hangers from the nearest knife edge p is measured. The breadth (b) and thickness (d) of the bar are measured using vernier calipers and screw gauge.

26. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 326 The young’s modulus of the material of the beam is determined by the relation Nm-2

27. PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 327 THANK YOU