1. Light bending in radiation background Based on Kim and T. Lee, JCAP 01 (2014) 002 (arXiv:1310.6800); Kim, JCAP 10 (2012) 056 (arXiv:1208.1319); Kim and T. Lee, JCAP 11 (2011) 017 (arXiv:1101.3433); Kim and T. Lee, MPLA 26, 1481 (2011) (arXiv:1012.1134). Jin Young Kim (Kunsan National University)

2. Outline Nonlinear property of QED vacuum Trajectory equation Bending by electric field Bending by magnetic field Bending in radiation background Summary

3. Motivation Light bending by massive object is a useful tool in astrophysics : Gravitational lensing Can Light be bent by electromagnetic field? At classical level, bending is prohibited by the linearity of electrodynamics. Light bending by EM field must involve a nonlinear interaction from quantum correction. The box diagram of QED gives such a nonlinear interaction : Euler-Heisenberg interaction (1936)

4. Non-trivial QED vacua In classical electrodynamics vacuum is defined as the absence of charged matter. In QED vacuum is defined as the absence of external currents. VEV of electromagnetic current can be nonzero in the presence of non-charge-like sources. electric or magnetic field, temperature, … nontrivial vacua = QED vacua in presence of non-charge- like sources If the propagating light is coupled to this current, the light cone condition is altered. The velocity shift can be described as the index of refraction in geometric optics.

5. Nonlinear Properties of QED Vacuum Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian: low-energy effective action of multiple photon interactions In the presence of a background EM field, the nonlinear interaction modifies the dispersion relation and results in a change of speed of light. Strong electric or magnetic field can cause a material-like behavior by quantum correction.

6. Velocity shift and index of refraction In the presence of electric field, the correction to the speed of light is given by For magnetic field, Index of refraction If the index of refraction is non-uniform, light ray can be bent by the gradient of index of refraction.

7. Light bending by sugar solution Place sugar at the bottom of container and pour water. As the sugar dissolve a continually varying index of refraction develops. A laser beam in the sugar solution bends toward the bottom.

8. Snell’s law

9. Differential bending by non-uniform refractive index In the presence of a continually varying refractive index, the light ray bends. Calculate the bending by differential calculus in geometric optics

10. Trajectory equation When the index of refraction is small, approximate the trajectory equation to the leading order

11. Bending by spherical symmetric electric charge Total bending angle can be obtained by integration with boundary condition

12. Bending by charged black hole Consider a charged non-rotating black hole Constraint on black hole Restore the physical constants Parameterize the charge as

13. Order-of-magnitude estimation Black hole with ten solar mass Since the calculation is based on flat space time, impact parameter should be large enough Ratio of bending angles at Light bending by electrically charged BHs seems not negligible compared to the gravitational bending. (for heavier BH, the relative bending becomes weaker )

14. Bending by magnetic dipole Contrary to Coulomb case, the bending by a magnetic dipole depends on the orientation of dipole relative to the direction of the incoming photon. Locate the dipole at origin. Take the direction of incoming photon as +x axis. Define the direction cosines of dipole relative to the incoming photon.

15. Bending by magnetic dipole

16. Bending angles

17. Special cases i) z direction, passing the equator

18. Special cases ii) -x direction (parallel or anti-parallel)

19. Special cases iii) axis along +y direction, light passing the north pole The gradient of index of refraction is maximal along this direction, giving the maximal bending

20. Order-of-magnitude estimation Maximal possible bending angles for strongly magnetized NS with solar mass Parameterize the impact parameter Up to, the bending by magnetic field can not dominate the gravitational bending.

21. Validity of Euler-Heisenberg action Critical values for vacuum polarization Screening by electron-positron pair creation above the critical field strength Since the Euler-Heisenberg effective action is represented as an asymptotic series, its application is confined to weak field limits. When the magnetic field is above the critical limit, the calculation is not valid.

22. Light bending under ultra-strong EM field Analytic series representation for one-loop effective action from Schwinger’s integral form [Cho et al, 2006] Index of refraction

23. Upper limit on the magnetic field No significant change of index of refraction by ultra-strong electric field. Physical limit to the B-field of neutron star: B-field on the surface of magnetar: Up to the order of, the index of refraction is close to one To be consistent with one-loop

24. Light bending under ultra-strong magnetic field Photon passing the equator of the dipole Index of refraction Trajectory equation Bending angle

25. Order-of-magnitude estimation Maximal possible bending angles for strongly magnetized NS of solar mass Power dependence

26. Speed of light in general non-trivial vacua Light cone condition for photons traveling in general non-trivial QED vacua effective action charge [Dittrich and Gies (1998)] For small correction,, and average over the propagation direction For EM field, two-loop corrected velocity shift agrees with the result from Euler-Heisenberg lagrangian

27. Light velocity in radiation background Light cone condition for non-trivial vacuum induced by the energy density of electromagnetic radiation null propagation vector Velocity shift averaged over polarization

28. Bending by a spherical black body As a source of lens, consider a spherical BB emitting energy in steady state. In general the temperature of an astronomical object may different for different surface points. For example, the temperature of a magnetized neutron star on the pole is higher than the equator. For simplicity, consider the mean effective surface temperature as a function of radius assuming that the neutron star is emitting energy isotropically as a black body in steady state.

29. Index of refraction as a function of radius Energy density of free photons emitted by a BB at temperature T (Stefan’s law) Dilution of energy density: Index of refraction, to the leading order, can be replaced by (critical temperature of QED)

30. Trajectory equation Take the direction of incoming ray as +x axis on the xy-plane. Index of refraction: Trajectory equation: Boundary condition:

31. Bending angle Leading order solution with Bending angle from

32. Bending by a cylindrical BB Take the axis of cylinder as z-axis. Energy density: Index of refraction: Trajectory equation: Solution: Bending angle:

33. Order-of-magnitude estimation Surface temperature: Surface magnetic field: Mass: The magnetic bending is bigger than the thermal bending for, while the thermal bending is bigger than the magnetic bending for. However, both the magnetic and thermal bending angles are still small compared with the gravitational bending.

34. Dependence on the impact parameter Dependence on impact parameter is imprinted by the dilution of energy density

35. How to observe? The bending of perpendicular polarization is 1.75(14/8) times larger than the bending of parallel polarization. Even in the region where the bending by magnetic field is weak, by eliminating the overall gravitational bending, the polarization dependence can be tested if the allowed precision is sufficient enough. Birefringence Power dependence Measure the total bending angles for different values of the impact parameter (may be possible by extraterrestrial observational facilities) Check the power dependence by fitting to

36. How to observe? Use the neutron star binary system with nondegenerate star (<100). Assume the two have the same mass. Bending angles at time t=0 and t=T/2 are the same if we consider only the gravitational bending. The bending angle will be different by magnetic field Neutron star binary system