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ART OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST EUGENIA LANGAN MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA WITH APOLOGIES TO FRED KLEINER AND WILLIAM GANIS
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IMPORTANT NOTICE LAST YEAR THE COLLEGE BOARD DECIDED THAT NEITHER ANCIENT NEAR- EASTERN NOR EGYPTIAN ARE “NON- WESTERN” DO NOT USE EITHER AS EXAMPLES OF NON-WESTERN ART OR "ART OUTSIDE THE EUROPEAN TRADITION"
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THEME: SANBAN – P.S. SUMERIAN - © 3500 – 2332 B.C.E. AKKADIAN - © 2332 – 2150 B.C.E. NEO-SUMERIAN - © 2150 – 2004 B.C.E. BABYLONIAN - © 1792 – 1600 B.C.E ASSYRIAN - © 900 – 612 B.C.E. NEO-BABYLONIAN - © 612 – 540 B.C.E. PERSIAN - © 540 – 330 B.C.E. SASANIAN - © 330 B.C.E. – 636 C.E.
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THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST
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SUMERIAN ART
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TIMELINE NEOLITHIC AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION OCCURRED FIRST IN MESOPOTAMIA © 9000 B.C.E. © 3500 B.C.E.: © 3500 B.C.E.: FIRST CIVILIZATION (SUMERIA) FIRST GOVERNMENT (CITY – STATES) FIRST ORGANIZED RELIGION – WHY? RULERS NEEDED LEGITIMACY FIRST WRITING (CUNEIFORM) FIRST OFFICIAL/MONUMENTAL ART AND ARCHITECTURE (PATRON = GOVERNMENT) – WHY? SHOWED POWER OF RULERS
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WHITE TEMPLE AND ZIGGURAT URUK (MODERN WARKA) IRAQ CA. 3,200-3,000 B.C.E. MUD BRICK – WHY? NOT MUCH STONE AROUND!
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DRAWING – RECONSTRUCTION OF WHITE TEMPLE BENT-AXIS PLAN (ORIENTATION) – STAIRS CHANGED DIRECTION 2-3 TIMES TO GET TO TOP TEMPLE
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MUD BRICK BUILDINGS GET DAMAGED BY RAIN – MUST BE RESTORED FREQUENTLY. AIT BENHADDOU KASBAH (11 TH C.) IN MOROCCO, A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE, IS IN SUCH GOOD SHAPE TODAY BECAUSE MANY MOVIES WERE FILMED THERE.
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FEMALE HEAD (INANNA?), URUK (MODERN WARKA), IRAQ, © 3200–3000 BCE. MARBLE, 8” HIGH. IRAQ MUSEUM, BAGHDAD. INANNA ISHTAR, ISIS AND VIRGIN MARY!
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WARKA VASE URUK (MODERN WARKA) IRAQ CA. 3,200-3,000 B.C.E. ALABASTER. APPROX. 3 FT. HIGH. BAGHDAD MUSEUM, IRAQ VOTIVES MAKING OFFERINGS TO INANNA RELIEFS IN REGISTERS
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OTHER VIEWS OF WARKA VASE
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FROM SQUARE TEMPLE, ESHNUNNA (MODERN TELL ASMAR) IRAQ, © 2700 B.C.E. GYPSUM WITH INLAID, SHELL, BLACK LIMESTONE, TALLEST 30 IN. HIGH IRAQ MUSEUM, BAGHDAD ( MORE VIEWS ON NEXT SLIDES) STATUETTES OF VOTIVES (WORSHIPPERS)
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NOTICE – NOT FREESTANDING.
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STANDARD OF UR FROM TOMB 779, ROYAL CEMETERY, UR (MODERN TELL MUQAYYAR, IRAQ, © 2,600 B.C.E. WOOD INLAID WITH SHELL, LAPIS LAZULI & RED LIMESTONE. APPROX. 8” X 19”. BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON SOUNDBOX FOR LYRE?
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STANDARD OF UR (WAR SIDE) NARRATIVE, RUNS FROM BOTTOM TO TOP HERALDIC COMPOSITION & HIERARCHY OF SCALE
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STANDARD OF UR (PEACE SIDE )
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BULL-HEADED LYRE (RESTORED) FROM TOMB 789, ROYAL CEMETERY UR, © 2,600 B.C.E. WOOD INLAID WITH GOLD LEAF, LAPIS LAZULI & SHELL. APPROXIMATELY 65 ” HIGH. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY, PHILADELPHIA
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BULL-HEADED LYRE, SIDE VIEW AND FRONT DETAIL
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RAM IN A THICKET (RESTORED) FROM TOMB 789, ROYAL CEMETERY UR, © 2,600 B.C.E. GOLD, SILVER, LAPIS LAZULI, COPPER, SHELL & RED LIMESTONE SHELL & RED LIMESTONE “GLUED” TO WOOD WITH BITUMEN, 19” HIGH. ONE OF A PAIR, THIS ONE IN BRITISH MUSEUM, THE OTHER IN U. PA. MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY. MUSEUM, THE OTHER IN U. PA. MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY. STANDS FOR VOTIVE OFFERINGS?
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RAM IN A THICKET
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R: CYLINDER SEAL FROM TOMB 800, ROYAL CEMETERY, UR, © 2600 B.C.E. LAPIS LAZULI. APPROX. 2” HIGH. BRITISH MUSEUM. L: A MODERN IMPRESSION FROM THIS SEAL. USED TO SEAL OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
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AKKADIAN ART
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TIMELINE © 2332 B.C.E.: SARGON OF AKKAD (AKA "THE FIRST EMPIRE BUILDER") CONQUERED SUMERIAN CITY-STATES © 2250 B.C.E: VICTORY OF NARAM-SIN OVER LULLABI © 2150 B.C.E: GUTIAN CONQUEST ENDED AKKADIAN RULE BUT THEY DON'T RULE LONG – CONQUEST NEO-SUMERIAN STATE BUT THEY DON'T RULE LONG – CONQUEST NEO-SUMERIAN STATE
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VOTIVE DISK OF ENHEDUANNA, FROM UR (MODERN TELL MUQAYYAR), IRAQ, CA. 2300 – 2275 BCE. ALABASTER, DIAMETER 10”. U. PA. MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY, PHILADELPHIA
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WHO WAS ENHEDUANNA? DAUGHTER OF SARGON OF AKKAD POET-PRIESTESS – FIRST KNOWN AUTHOR (HYMNS TO INANNA) VOTIVE DISK OF ENHEDUANNA IS FIRST KNOWN ART WORK HONORING A WOMAN
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HEAD OF AN AKKADIAN RULER FROM NINEVEH (MODERN KUYUNJIK) IRAQ, © 2,250-2,200 B.C.E. COPPER. 14 3/8” HIGH MISSING
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VICTORY STELE OF NARAM-SIN FROM SUSA, IRAN © 2,254- 2,218 B.C.E. RELIEF ON PINK SANDSTONE 79” HIGH LOUVRE, PARIS. SUMERIAN INFLUENCE? DIFFERENCES?
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VICTORY STELE OF NARAM-SIN
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NEO-SUMERIAN ART
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TIMELINE © 2150 B.C.E.: ESTABLISHMENT OF NEO- SUMERIAN STATE RULED BY UR = "THIRD DYNASTY OF UR" ABRAHAM WAS "A MAN OF UR" (GENESIS) ABRAHAM WAS "A MAN OF UR" (GENESIS) © 2004 B.C.E.: ELAMITE CONQUEST ERA OF DISUNION) ERA OF DISUNION)
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ZIGGURAT OF UR AT UR (MODERN TELL MUQAYYAR) IRAQ. MORE LINEAR ORIENTATION THAN EARLY SUMERIAN © 2100 B.C.E. MUD BRICK SET IN BITUMEN (PHOTOGRAPHED IN 1920)
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RECONSTRUCTED NORTHERN FAÇADE OF ZIGGURAT OF UR, AND AERIAL VIEW OF ZIGGURAT AND EXCAVATED CITY 100 STEPS
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ANOTHER VIEW OF RECONSTRUCTED NORTHERN FAÇADE AND EXCAVATED CITY OF UR
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RECONSTRUCTED STAIRS ON NORTHERN FAÇADE OF ZIGGURAT OF UR 100 STAIRS THAT LED TO TOP TEMPLE (MISSING)
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SEATED STATUE OF GUDEA HOLDING TEMPLE PLAN FROM GIRSU (MODERN TELLOH), IRAQ, IRAQ, © 2,100 B.C.E., DIORITE, 29” HIGH INSCRIPTION EMPHASIZES IT'S DIORITE: IMPORTED, EXPENSIVE, VERY HARD (DIFFICULT TO CARVE) LOUVRE, PARIS WHO WAS GUDEA? NEO-SUMERIAN KING WHO NEO-SUMERIAN KING WHO RESTORED WORSHIP OF SUMERIAN DEITIES
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MORE DIORITE GUDEA FIGURES FROM ENVIRONS OF MODERN TELLOH, © 2100 B.C.E., ALL 20” – 30” HIGH. THESE FIGURES ARE? VOTIVES -- BLOCK STATUES
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EARLIER KINGS WERE DEPICTED AS? WARRIORS WHY A PRAYING KING IN UR? CONSTANT CONQUESTS OF MESOPOTAMIA? ART REFLECTS ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT: WORRIED AND DEVOUT KINGS USUALLY APPEAR IN HARD TIMES
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BABYLONIAN ART (AND ELAMITE AND HITTITE)
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TIMELINE © 1792 B.C.E.: CONQUEST OF SUMERIA BY BABYLON UNDER HAMMURABI © 1780 B.C.E.: CODE OF HAMMURABI ( LEGALISM OF WESTERN RELIGIONS HAMMURABI ENCOURAGED MONOTHEISTIC WORSHIP OF MARDUK (SEED OF MONOTHEISM OF WESTERN RELIGIONS) -- WHY? "FORGET THOSE OTHER GODS. THERE'S ONLY ONE AND HE PICKED ME." "FORGET THOSE OTHER GODS. THERE'S ONLY ONE AND HE PICKED ME." © 1595 B.C.E.: HITTITE CONQUEST AND SACK OF BABYLON
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© © © 1400 B.C.E.: ELAMITE SACK OF BABYLON
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STELE WITH CODE OF HAMMURABI FINDSPOT SUSA, IRAN, © 1780 B.C.E. BASALT 88" HIGH LOUVRE, PARIS BABYLONIAN:
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STELE WITH CODE OF HAMMURABI THE GOD SHAMASH (SEATED) HANDS HAMMURABI THE ROD AND RING OF POWER
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HITTITE (AND OTHER ANATOLIAN) ART
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LION GATE, HATTUSA (MODERN BOGHAZKÖY), TURKEY, © 1400 BCE. (HATTUSA = UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE)
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LION'S GATE, HATTUSA: GUARDIAN GATE
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RELIEF OF 12 HITTITE GODS, YAZILIKAYA (TEMPLE), HATTUSA © 1400 B.C.E. CONTRARY TO WHAT WORLD HISTORY TEXTS ALWAYS SAY, CIVILIZATION MAY HAVE ARISEN INDEPENDENTLY IN ANATOLIA
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RESTORED VIEW OF A SECTION OF LEVEL VI, ÇATAL HUYÜK, TURKEY, © 6000–5900 B.C.E. (JOHN SWOGGER). GENERALLY DESCRIBED AS "NEOLITHIC TOWN" ANATOLIAN BACKGROUND:
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ELAMITE ART
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STATUE OF QUEEN NAPIR-ASU, FROM SUSA, IRAN © 1350-1300 B.C.E. BRONZE AND COPPER (SOLID BRONZE CORE, COPPER SHELL) 50 ¾" HIGH. LOUVRE, PARIS CURRENT WEIGHT = 3760 LBS.
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STATUE OF QUEEN NAPIR- ASU INSCRIPTION ON SKIRT THREATENS CURSE ON “HE WHO WOULD SEIZE MY STATUE, WHO WOULD SMASH IT, WHO WOULD DESTROY ITS INSCRIPTION...”
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RITUAL BASIN, FROM SUSA © 1400 B.C.E. LIMESTONE. 62.8 X 92 CM. LOUVRE, PARIS. FUNCTION: BASIN FOR RITUAL LIBATIONS. DETAIL OF RELIEF, NEXT SLIDE
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WHAT'S DIFFERENT FROM MESOPOTAMIAN ART? CHIMERAS
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STELE OF UNTASH- NAPIRISHA, SUSA © 1350 – 1300 B.C.E. SANDSTONE. H = 2.62 M. LOUVRE.
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ASSYRIAN ART
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TIMELINE © 900 B.C.E.: ASSYRIAN CONQUEST OF BABYLON 721 – 705 B.C.E.: REIGN OF SARGON II 883 – 859 B.C.E.: REIGN OF ASHURNASIPAL II 668 – 627 B.C.E.: REIGN OF ASHURBANIPAL EARLIEST KNOWN LIBRARY EARLIEST KNOWN LIBRARY 641 B.C.E.: CONQUEST OF SUSA (ELAM) 627 B.C.E.: DEATH OF ASHURBANIPAL BABYLONIAN REVOLT 626 B.C.E. 612 B.C.E.: BABYLONIAN/MEDIAN SACK OF NINEVEH
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RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING, CITADEL OF SARGON II, DAR SHARRUKIN (MODERN KHORSABAD) IRAQ, © 720-705 B.C.E. > 25 ACRES. USED EARLY SUMERIAN BENT-AXIS PLAN "SARGON, KING OF THE WORLD, HAS BUILT A CITY.... I BUILT A CITY WITH THE [LABOR OF] THE PEOPLES SUBDUED BY MY HAND" WITH THE AID OF THE GODS.
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LAMASSU (WINGED HUMAN HEADED BULLS) FROM THE CITADEL OF SARGON II, DAR SHARRUKIN (MODERN KHORSABAD) IRAQ, © 720-705 B.C.E. LIMESTONE, 13' 10" HIGH. BRITISH MUSEUM. LONDON PREDECESSORS? LION'S GATE, HATUSSA, AND ELAMITE CHIMARAE
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OTHER VIEW, LAMASSU. NOTE STYLIZED BEARDS
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HEAD OF LAMASSU AND CUNIEFORM INSCRIPTIONS ON GATE
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GILGAMESH? WRESTLING LION, FROM CITADEL OF SARGON II, DAR SHARRUKIN, © 720-705 B.C.E. LIMESTONE 13' 10" HIGH. BRITISH MUSEUM.
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ASSYRIAN ARCHERS PURSUING ENEMIES, FROM NORTHWEST PALACE OF ASHURNASIRPAL II, KALHU (MODERN NIMRUD), © 875-860 B.C.E. GYPSUM. 2' 10 3/8" HIGH. BRITISH MUSEUM. PREDECESSORS? AKKADIAN? STELE OF NARAM-SIN (DIAGONAL COMPOSITION, STYLIZED SETTING)
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ASHURBANIPAL HUNTING LIONS (THIS AND NEXT TWO SLIDES)
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NEO-BABYLONIAN ART
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TIMELINE 612 B.C.E.: SACK OF NINEVEH & ESTABLISHMENT OF NEO-BABYLONIAN EMPIRE 604 – 562 B.C.E.: REIGN OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR II "BABYLONIAN RENAISSANCE" "BABYLONIAN RENAISSANCE" © 586 B.C.E: CONQUEST OF JUDAH AND BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY OF JEWS (LEGALISM AND MONOTHEISM ENTER WESTERN RELIGION) © 586 B.C.E: CONQUEST OF JUDAH AND BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY OF JEWS (LEGALISM AND MONOTHEISM ENTER WESTERN RELIGION) RUBBING OF ONYX ENGRAVING DEPICTING NEBUCHADNEZZAR II (ON MARDUK STATUE)
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539 B.C.E.: PERSIANS CONQUEST OF BABYLONIAN EMPIRE
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RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF THE ETEMENAKI (FRONTIER OF HEAVEN AND HELL) ZIGGURAT IN BABYLON, AS REBUILT BY NEBUCHADNEZZSAR II (ORIG. DATE UNKNOWN). BASIS FOR STORY OF THE TOWER OF BABEL?
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ISHTAR GATE (RESTORED), FROM BABYLON, IRAQ, © 575 B.C.E. GLAZED BRICK. PERGAMMON MUSEUM, BERLIN
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NOTE SCALE
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ISHTAR GATE – DRAGONS AND BULLS. ISHTAR = BABYLONIAN COUNTERPART OF INANNA
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ISHTAR GATE -- AUROCH
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ISHTAR GATE, LIONS
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PERSIAN ART (ACHAEMENID)
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TIMELINE 539 B.C.E.: CYRUS THE GREAT CONQUERED BABYLON, ESTABLISHED PERSIAN EMPIRE (ACHAEMENID DYNASTY) 539 – 529 B.C.E.: REIGN OF CYRUS THE GREAT (CYRUS I) AS EMPEROR 522 – 486 B.C.E.: REIGN OF DARIUS THE GREAT (DARIUS I) 486 – 465 B.C.E.: REIGN OF XERXES 521 – 465 B.C.E.: CONSTRUCTION OF PERSEPOLIS 330 B.C.E.: ALEXANDER THE GREAT CONQUERED PERSIAN EMPIRE
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PERSIAN EMPIRE AT ITS GREATEST EXTENT (UNDER DARIUS I)
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PALACE OF DARIUS I AND XERXES I PERSEPOLIS, IRAN (PERSEPOLIS = ADMINISTRATIVE/ PALACE COMPLEX), © 521-465 B.C.E.
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APADANA, PERSEPOLIS
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RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF PERSEPOLIS APADANA HYPOSTYLE HALL = COLUMNS SUPPORTED CEILING
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APDANA FRIEZE, PERSEPOLIS. WHAT'S NEW? CELEBRATES DIPLOMACY, NOT WAR
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PERSEPOLIS
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TIMELINE: 312 – 247 B.C.E.: SELUCID (HELLENISTIC) EMPIRE 247 B.C.E. - 224 C.E.: PARTHIAN EMPIRE 224 – 651 C.E.: SASSANID EMPIRE (LAST MIDDLE- EASTERN EMPIRE BEFORE ISLAM) WE WILL CONSIDER MOST PERSIAN ART, INCLUDING THE SASSANID ART IN CHAPTER 2, LATER (HOLD THE CARDS!).
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SHAPUR I DRACHIM, CAST SILVER COINS © 260 C.E.
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HEAD OF SASANIAN KING (SHAPUR II?) FROM CTESIPHON, IRAQ, © 350 C.E. SILVER WITH MERCURY GILDING 15 ¾" HIGH
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