1. Anatomical Directions & Body Planes

2. Abduction – movement away from the median plane around an anterior-posterior axis with the angle between the displaced parts becoming greater, as in lifting the arm sideward away from the body
Action – in physiology, the motions or functions of a part or organ of the body
Adduction – movement towards the median plane around an anterior-posterior axis with the angle between the displaced parts becoming lesser, as in bringing the arm sideward against the body

3. Anatomical Position – the neutral stance of the individual; standing, facing forward with arms at the sides and palms facing forward
Anterior or Ventral – the front of the body or body part
Circumduction – is movement around the horizontal and longitudinal axis of a joint during which the distal end of the bone circumscribes the base of an imaginary cone and proximal end forms the apex, as in swinging the arms in a circle

4. Depression (down) – just the opposite, as in lowering the shoulder
Distal – farthest from a point of reference (opposite of proximal)
Dorsiflexion – the act of drawing the toe or foot toward the dorsal aspect of the proximally conjoined body segment
Dorsal – upper surface (e.g. top of foot)
Dorsum – the back side of the hand

5. Elevation (up) – as in lifting the shoulder up
Eversion – turning the sole of the foot outward
Extension – is the reverse movement during which the angle between the anterior aspects of the displaced parts is increased as in moving the forearm away from the upper arm
External or peripheral – means near the surface

6. External rotation – turning outwardly or away from the midline of the body
Flexion – movement around a transverse axis in an anterior-posterior plane with the angle between the anterior aspects of the displaced parts becoming smaller as in bending the forearm toward the arm at the elbow joint
Hyper (prefix) – meaning too much
Hyperextension – in excess of normal extension

7. Hyperflexion – in excess of normal flexion
Inferior – toward the bottom of the body or body part
Insertion – muscle attachment to a bone that moves
Internal – refers to a deeper position
Internal rotation – the turning of a limb toward the midline of the body
Inversion – turning the sole of the foot inward

8. Lateral – away from the midline of the body
Major – means greater or larger
Medial – toward the midline of the body
Mid sagittal or median – divides the body into equal and symmetrical right and left halves
Minor – means lesser or smaller
Origin – the fixed end or attachment of muscle

9. Palmar – ventral aspect of the hand (palm of the hand)
Plantar – ventral aspect of the foot (sole of the foot)
Plantar flexion – the act of drawing the toe or foot toward the plantar aspect of the proximally conjoined body segment
Posterior or dorsal – the back of the body or body part

10. Pronation – is medial rotation of the forearm as in turning the palm of the hand downward
Prone – face down, horizontal position of the body
Protraction – (forward) as in bring the shoulder forward
Proximal – nearest to the point of attachment, origin or other point of reference

11. Range of motion (ROM) – the extent to which a body part can move through all of its planes of movement
Retraction (backward) – as in pulling the shoulder back and thus bringing the shoulder blades together
Superficial – toward the surface of the body
Superior – toward the top of the body or body part

12. Supination – is lateral rotation of the forearm, as in turning the palm of the hand up ward
Supine – lying on the back face upward, opposed to prone
Valgus – position of a body part that is bent outward
Varus – position of a body part that is bent inward

13. Ventral – bottom surface (opposite of dorsal)
Volar – ventral aspect of the hand