1. COVALENT BONDING

2. What is a covalent bond? o A bond formed by the sharing of valence electrons.

3. Facts about covalent bonds Elements share valence electrons Elements share valence electrons Elements share to meet octet (or duet) rule Elements share to meet octet (or duet) rule Formed between 2 nonmetals Formed between 2 nonmetals Forms molecules: Forms molecules: A molecule is: a neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds. A molecule is: a neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.

4. Low melting point Low melting point Generally do not form crystals Generally do not form crystals Do not conduct electricity Do not conduct electricity

5. Covalent Bonds Example: Example: Hydrogen (H) andChlorine (Cl) Hydrogen (H) andChlorine (Cl) Elements share electrons to make full shells H HCl Cl Covalent Bond

6. Nomenclature Rules for naming compounds with TWO nonmetals: 1. first name stays the same with prefix if needed 2. second name: change end to “ide” and add prefix

7. 3. Put Greek prefixes before element names to show how many atoms you have element names to show how many atoms you have 4. With first name, do not use “mono”, but you do use “mono-” for second name. “mono”, but you do use “mono-” for second name.

8. Prefixes Onemono- Onemono- Twodi- Twodi- Threetri- Threetri- Fourtetra- Fourtetra- Fivepenta- Fivepenta- Sixhexa- Sixhexa- Sevenhepta- Sevenhepta- Eightocta- Eightocta- Ninenona- Ninenona- Tendeca- Tendeca-

9. Practice: CO 2 CO 2 Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide CO CO Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide CH 4 CH 4 Carbon tetrahydride Carbon tetrahydride H 2 S H 2 S Dihydrogen monosulfide Dihydrogen monosulfide

10. Practice: Cl 2 Cl 2 CH 4 CH 4 H 2 S H 2 S ClBr ClBr

11. Ball and Stick Model A method of drawing molecules that shows a 3-D perspective. A method of drawing molecules that shows a 3-D perspective.

12. Structural Formula A chemical formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule. A chemical formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule. One dash between two atoms indicates a single covalent bond (1 shared pair of electrons). One dash between two atoms indicates a single covalent bond (1 shared pair of electrons). Unshared pairs are not always included. Unshared pairs are not always included.

13. Two dashes indicates a double covalent bond (2 shared pairs of electrons). Two dashes indicates a double covalent bond (2 shared pairs of electrons). Three dashes indicates a triple covalent bond (3 shared pairs of electrons). Three dashes indicates a triple covalent bond (3 shared pairs of electrons).

14. Shape of Molecule VSEPR Theory VSEPR Theory Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion The repulsion between electron pairs causes molecular shapes to adjust so that the valence-electron pairs stay as far apart as possible. The repulsion between electron pairs causes molecular shapes to adjust so that the valence-electron pairs stay as far apart as possible.

15. Bent