1. SEDIMENTS & SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

2. ROCK CYCLE

3. Relative Percentages of Sedimentary Rocks

4. SEDIMENT Unconsolidated- NOT cemented From Weathering & Erosion
Precipitation from saturated solution
calcite, quartz
Product of evaporation
halite, gypsum
Unconsolidated- NOT cemented

5. SEDIMENT Particle size Pebbles, cobbles, boulders Gravel- > 2mm
Sand- 2mm mm
Silt mm mm
Clay- < 0.004
Deposition Clay-sized particle vs. clay mineral

6. SEDIMENT Preservation Transportation Abrasion Rounding Sorting
Deposition
Environment of deposition- specific
Preservation

10. SEDIMENT Preservation Transportation Abrasion Rounding Sorting
Deposition
Environment of deposition- specific
Preservation

13. SEDIMENT Lithification Compaction Cementation Crystallization
Decrease in pore space
for very fine grain size (clay)
Cementation
Clastic texture
Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxide
Crystallization
Crystalline texture

15. SEDIMENT Lithification Compaction Cementation Crystallization
Decrease in pore space
for very fine grain size (clay)
Cementation
Clastic texture
Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxide
Crystallization
Crystalline texture

17. SEDIMENT Lithification Compaction Cementation Crystallization
Decrease in pore space
for very fine grain size (clay)
Cementation
Clastic texture
Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxide
Crystallization
Crystalline texture

19. TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Clastic or Detrital
Chemical- inorganic precipitation or evaporation
Biochemical- Organic remains
shells, charcoal, plant fragments

20. CLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKS
Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)
Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragments
Conglomerate- rounded fragments
Sandstone (2mm mm)
Quartz sandstone
Arkose (feldspar)
Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)
Fine-grained Matrix
Usually from turbidity currents

23. CLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKS
Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)
Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragments
Conglomerate- rounded fragments
Sandstone (2mm mm)
Quartz sandstone
Arkose (feldspar)
Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)
Fine-grained Matrix
Usually from turbidity currents

24. Quartz Sandstone

28. CLASTIC ROCKS Fine-grained Rocks Shale- fissile (in ‘sheets’)
Siltstone
Claystone
Mudstone (silt and clay)

31. CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Carbonate Rocks
Limestone- made of calcite
Inorganic varieties
micrite, oolites, travertine
Dolomite
Recrystallization
Chert- silica
Evaporites
Rock gypsum
Rock salt

34. BIOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Coal
Develops from peat
plant fragments
Lignite
Bituminous Coal
Carbonate Rocks
Limestone- made of calcite
organic varieties
Coquina
Fossiliferous Limestone
Chalk

36. BIOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Coal
Develops from peat
plant fragments
Lignite
Bituminous Coal
Carbonate Rocks
Limestone- made of calcite
organic varieties
Coquina
Fossiliferous Limestone
Chalk

40. SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
BEDDING-
Principle of Original Horizontality
Bedding plane
Cross-bedding
Graded bed
Mud cracks
Ripple marks
Fossils

43. SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
BEDDING-
Principle of Original Horizontality
Bedding plane
Cross-bedding
Graded bed
Mud cracks
Ripple marks
Fossils

44. DUNES

47. SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
BEDDING-
Principle of Original Horizontality
Bedding plane
Cross-bedding
Graded bed
Mud cracks
Ripple marks
Fossils

50. SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
BEDDING-
Principle of Original Horizontality
Bedding plane
Cross-bedding
Graded bed
Mud cracks
Ripple marks
Fossils

51. Mudcracks

55. SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
BEDDING-
Principle of Original Horizontality
Bedding plane
Cross-bedding
Graded bed
Mud cracks
Ripple marks
Fossils
Body Fossils
Trace Fossils

60. FORMATIONS Large enough to show on a map
Distinctive from neighboring rock units
Named after geographic locations
CONTACT
separation between 2 distinct rock units
Sedimentary contact
Other contacts

62. INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Source Area
Environment of Deposition
Glacial environments
Tillites
Alluvial fan
Arkose
River channel and flood plain
Interbedded shales and sandstones; cross-bedded
Lake
Shales; interbedded siltstones and mudstones
Delta

64. INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Source Area
Environment of Deposition
Glacial environments
Tillites
Alluvial fan
Arkose
River channel and flood plain
Interbedded shales and sandstones; cross-bedded
Lake
Shales; interbedded siltstones and mudstones
Delta

66. Glacial Environment & Till

69. INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Environment of Deposition
Beach, Barrier Island, Dune
Very well sorted quartz sandstones
Lagoon
Shales
Shallow marine shelf
Interbedded sandstones and shales; burrowed
Reef
Skeletal Limestones
Deep marine environment
Turbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shales

71. INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Environment of Deposition
Beach, Barrier Island, Dune
Very well sorted quartz sandstones
Lagoon
fine grained sediment
Shallow marine shelf
Interbedded sandstones and shales; burrowed
Reef
Skeletal Limestones
Deep marine environment
Turbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shales

74. CALCAREOUS

77. INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Environment of Deposition
Beach, Barrier Island, Dune
Very well sorted quartz sandstones
Lagoon
Shales
Shallow marine shelf
Interbedded sandstones and shales; burrowed
Reef
Skeletal Limestones
Deep marine environment
Turbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shales

80. INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Plate Tectonics and Sedimentary Rocks
At convergent boundaries
Uplift results in
Very rapid rates of erosion
Thick accumulations of clastic sediment
At transform boundaries
Rapid rates of erosion, deposition and burial
Good basins for petroleum exploration
At divergent boundaries
Initial stages of rifting- thick wedges of gravel and coarse sediment

81. Resources Non-Metallic Energy Resources Sand and gravel Limestone Clay
Gypsum
Energy Resources
Oil and gas
Coal

82. Formation of Oil and Gas

87. U.S. Coal Production