2. naturally occurring - materials synthesized in laboratory do not count, must be formed by natural processes in wild inorganic - not formed by organic chemistry (e.g., sugars, etc.) homogeneous solid - single substance in solid phase which cannot be physically separated into simpler compounds definite chemical composition - composition can be represented as chemical formula (e.g., NaCl), although variation in exact composition is possible (e.g., (Mg, Fe) 2 SiO 4 ) [range in color, hardness, specific gravity] ordered atomic arrangement – repeating structure at the atomic level, which expresses as symmetry in large specimens, i.e., crystalline structure. http://www.uoregon.edu/~jrice/geol311 Mineral - A naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement.

3. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Crystal symmetry is controlled by the atomic structure of mineral

5. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Characteristic for some minerals, useless for most

6. Quartz SiO 2 Hardness = 7 Rose Quartz SmokeyQuartz Quartz Citrine AmethystAmethyst Carnelian Onyx Jasper

7. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Streak Color - Streak Color - Color of powdered mineral, which may or may not be the color of the crystal

8. hematite streak color

9. Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Specific Gravity Specific Gravity - density of the material (g/cm 3 ) Mineral Properties

10. Specific Gravity the atomic weight of the contained elements Related to both the atomic weight of the contained elements, and how tightly the atoms are packed Orthorhombic Carbonates All minerals have same structure, only cation differs MineralFormulaCation g/cm3 AragoniteCaCO 3 202.95 StrontianiteSrCO 3 383.76 WitheriteBaCO 3 564.29 CerrusitePbCO 3 826.55 See Page 82 in Lab Manual for Specific Gravities of some minerals

11. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Luster - quality of light reflected from mineral surface

12. Luster - quality of light reflected from mineral surface metallic pyrite gold silver

13. Luster quality of light reflected from mineral surface resinous pearly vitreous (glassy) non-metallic Some minerals may be listed in both metallic and non-metallic, or in the incorrect table, i.e., limonite

14. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness - resistance of mineral to scratching or abrasion

15. Mohs Hardness Scale Austrian mineralogist F. Mohs, 1824 Based on relative hardness of 10 common minerals hard soft 10. Diamond C 9. Corundum Al 2 O 3 8. Topaz Al 2 SiO 4 (F,OH) 2 7. Quartz SiO 2 6. Orthoclase KAlSi 3 O 8 5. Apatite Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (F,Cl,OH) 4. Fluorite CaF 2 3. Calcite CaCO 3 2. Gypsum CaSO 4 1. Talc Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 Higher numbered minerals scratch lower numbered minerals fingernail copper penny glass plate

16. Fig. 02.14 Muscovite Hardness < 2 Can scratch with fingernail (H=2.5) Muscovite Hardness < 2 Can scratch with fingernail (H=2.5)

17. Fig. 02.15c Fluorite Hardness =4 Can scratch copper penny (H=3.5), but not glass plate (H=5.5) Fluorite Hardness =4 Can scratch copper penny (H=3.5), but not glass plate (H=5.5)

18. Fig. 02.15a Quartz Hardness =7 Scratches glass plate (H=5.5). Hardest of common minerals Quartz Hardness =7 Scratches glass plate (H=5.5). Hardest of common minerals

19. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Reaction to dilute acid; especially useful in identifying carbonate minerals

20. Minerals like calcite react with weak acid, dissolving the mineral and producing lots of bubbles (effervescence) Calcite: CaCO 3 HCl + CaCO 3 > H 2 O + Cl - + Ca + + CO 2 Dolomite: CaMg(CO 3 ) 2

21. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Some minerals strongly attract magnets. Characteristic of magnetite and some other iron minerals

22. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Fracture - any breakage that is not cleavage

23. conchoidalfracture Characteristic of quartz, chert and flint

24. Fig. 02.23 conchoidal fracture

25. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Cleavage - tendency to split along planes of weakness corresponding to weaker chemical links in internal structure of crystal

26. A single crystal can display several cleavage directions. The cleavage directions are not always at right angles to each other. They also are not necessarily parallel to the crystal faces of the mineral. 1 direction2 directions

27. Fig. 02.19a One Direction of Cleavage

29. Two Directions of Cleavage Cleavage Direction Each set of parallel planes of weakness is one direction

30. Three Directions of Cleavage

31. Fig. 02.22 http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/visualgeology

32. http://www.greatsouth.net/ http://www.xpsdata.com/ Fluorite Crystals Four Directions of Cleavage Six directions of Cleavage: Sphalerite (ZnS)