1. What is a Mineral pages 103-114
the building blocks of rocks
Minerals of Earth’s Crust

2. Mineral definition
A mineral is a natural, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set of physical properties.

3. Five characteristics naturally formed inorganic crystalline structure
solid
definite chemical composition

4. Naturally Formed
Not man made, naturally occurring

5.  Inorganic
Organic means living so, this means non-living

6. Crystalline structure
The atoms are arranged in a pattern that repeats over and over

7. Solid
Definite volume and shape
Not a liquid or gas

8. Definite Chemical Composition
Its chemical composition may be written down in a formula and is fairly consistent or within a range   Example:
Halite (salt) NaCl
Galena (lead) Pb

9. Kinds of Minerals More than 4,000 have been identified
Fewer than 20 are common
These are called rock-forming minerals

10. These ten make up 90% of the crust
Quartz
Orthoclase
Plagioclase
Muscovite
Biotite
Calcite
Dolomite
Halite
Gypsum
Ferromagnesian minerals

11. Ferromagnesian mineral
Contain iron and magnesium

12. Two groups of minerals Silicates Non-silicates--
Based on chemical composition
Silicates
Non-silicates--

13. Silicates—contain a combination of
Silicon, Si
Oxygen, O
Silicates make up more than 90% of the Earth’s crust

14. Six Kinds of Silicate Mineral Arrangements
Isolated-do not link with other silicon or oxygen atoms
Ring silicates—form rings by sharing oxygen atoms
Single-chain silicates—form by sharing oxygen atoms
Double chain silicates—form when two single chains of tetrahedra bond to each other
Sheet silicates—form when each tetrahedron shares three of its oxygen with other tetrahedra
Framework silicates—form when each tetrahedron is bonded to four other tetrahedra

19. Nonsilicates 5 groups Carbonates Halides Native elements Oxides
Sulfates
Sulfides

20. From page 105 Write name of group
Composition do not fail to write it all!
An example of a mineral form each group

21. Silica tetrahedra Lab Part 1
Materials
Toothpicks
Marshmallows
Page 106

22. Silicon tetrahedra lab part 2
Cut out the tetrahedron
Arrange tetrahedron to form the six kinds of silicate mineral arrangements (page 107)
Glue onto construction paper and label structures

23. O S
SO4
single metals
group VII
CO3 OH
PO4

24. Mineral Identification
Minerals are identified using their physical properties.
These include crystal form, hardness, cleavage, luster, color, streak, and specific gravity.  

25. Crystal Form
Crystal form is caused by the orderly internal arrangement of atoms
Quartz is the most commonly identified by its crystal form

27. Two or more minerals that have the same chemical composition but different crystal structures are called polymorphs.

28. Hardness
Moh's Scale of Hardness   10 Diamond 9 Corundum 8 Topaz 7 Quartz 6 Feldspar 5 Apatite 4 Fluorite 3 Calcite 2 Gypsum 1 Talc  

29. Hardness of some common objects
2.5 Fingernail 3 Penny 5 Pocket Knife 5.5 Window Glass 7 Steel File  
Learn these!

30. Cleavage The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weakness.
Some have good cleavage, some poor.
It depends on the crystal structure and chemical bonds: the stronger the bond the poorer the cleavage.

31. Fracture A break that is not along a cleavage plane
Common type is conchoidal fracture.
Ex. Quartz Broken glass appearance
Or can be splinters and fibers--asbestos

32. Luster
The way light reflects from the surface I. Metallic II. Nonmetallic
Greasy
Silky
Pearly
Glassy

33. Color
Color is good for a few minerals like copper and turquoise, but is not a very reliable means of identification.
The majority of minerals appear in a variety of colors. Impurities can change the color.

34. Streak The color of the powdered mineral Much more reliable.
Drag the mineral across a streak plate.
Hematite--reddish brown to black,
but usually reddish brown
Limonite--yellowish brown  

35. Specific Gravity d=m/v Density = mass/volume A mineral’s density
Densities are compared to an equal volume of water
There is no unit
Quartz Silver
Gold

36. Other Tests
Taste Halite--NaCl has a salty taste  

37. Fizz
If a mineral contains CO3 it will effervesce (fizz) when you drop dilute HCl (hydrochloric acid) on it.
Ex. Calcite CaCO3 

38. Feel
Talc has a soapy feel  

39. Smell
Sulfur has a rotten egg smell
Kaolinite has an earthy smell 

40. Etc
Writes on paper--graphite
Rusty look—limonite

41. How to Identify Minerals
This film reviews some of the tests covered in your notes.

42. Mineral Lab
Test each of the minerals to determine their physical properties, and then identify them using the chart.
Fill this in well.
This is a major grade.