2. Minerals

3. Mineral Facts There are about 3000 known minerals on earth. All rocks are made up of 2 or more of these minerals. Minerals are not rocks! Silicon and oxygen are the most abundant elements in the crust and in minerals Oxygen is the most abundant element in minerals

4. Gold

5. Turquoise

6. Quartz

7. Sulfur

8. Magnetite

9. Azurite

10. Diamond

11. How do you identify minerals? By properties/characteristics Properties stay the same. That’s why we use them.

12. Mineral Properties: Color InorganicNot made from living things or fossils NaturalNot man made SolidTightly packed, fixed molecules CrystalRepeating patterns ChemistryAtomic structure/chemical/internal structure determines the properties of a mineral LusterPearly, waxy, earthy, greasy dull StreakColor of powder

13. Identifying more Mineral Properties Hardnessscratch test rub minerals against each other or a glass plate, finger nail, etc. Color-varies Streak (streak test -rub against unglazed tile, powder ) Luster (shine, metallic, glassy, earth, pearly, greasy) Density ( amount of matter in a given volume) Crystal shape (cubic, right angles, perfect cube) Cleavage( splits easily, smoothly along flat surfaces) Fracture(does not split evenly)

14. Diamonds Diamonds are the hardest minerals Only diamonds can scratch diamonds!! A Diamonds internal arrangement of atoms leads to its hardness

15. Gemstones Minerals are cut and polished to make gemstones(jewelry) Includes Amethyst, ruby, emerald Usually higher up on the MOHS scale(hard) Would you want talc in a ring?

16. Scratch Test Examples Hardness Test Example 1 Can be scratched easily with fingernail. talc 2 Can be scratched with fingernail, but less easily. gypsum 3 Can just be scratched with a copper penny. calcite 4 Can be scratched easily with a knife but will not scratch glass. fluorite 5 Can be scratched with a knife with difficulty. apatite 6 Cannot be scratched with a knife; barely scratches glass. feldspar 7 Scratches glass easily. quartz 8 Scratches quartz easily. topaz 9 Scratches topaz. corundum (ruby, sapphire) 10 Scratches topaz and all other minerals. diamond

17. Formation of Minerals Crystallization from cooling magma Evaporation

18. How do minerals break? 1. Cleavage Smooth breakage

19. Rock hammer and goggle To determine cleavage and fracture, you'll need a rock hammer and a safe place to use it on mineral

20. Cleavage continued. Cleavage is the way a mineral breaks. Many minerals break along flat planes, or cleavages—some in only one direction (like mica), others in two directions (like feldspar), and some in three directions (like calcite) or more (like fluorite). Some minerals, like quartz, have no cleavage. Cleavage is an important property that results from a mineral's molecular structure, and cleavage is present even when the mineral doesn't form good crystals. Cleavage can also be described as perfect, good or poor.

22. Moh’s Scale of Hardness

23. Fracture Fracture is breakage that is not flat. The two main kinds of fracture are shell-shaped, as in quartz and uneven. Metallic minerals may have a hackly (jagged) fracture. A mineral may have good cleavage in one or two directions but fracture in another direction

25. Special Properties Florescence-glows under ultra violet light. Magnetic Electrical (quartz when pressure is applied).

26. Internal Arrangement of atoms causes the differences in hardness of different minerals has geometric patterns is made ofrepeating patterns

27. Interior of a mineral The molecules are used to identify minerals Scientist can see them with a special xray machine The molecules determine how the mineral will break

28. A microscopic image shows bacteria covered in electrically conductive grains. Bacteria can use minerals in soil as electrical grids, which helps the microbes generate chemicals they need to survive, a new study says. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/06/120608-microbes-bacteria-electricity-minerals-chemicals-swap-science http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/06/120608-microbes-bacteria-electricity-minerals-chemicals-swap-science

29. http://tcm.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b2.html Great Website!! Mohs Scale of Hardness page