1. Soft Transducer Materials For Energy Conversion

2. CONTENTS Properties Piezoelectricity Conclusion Ferroelectricity
Pyroelectricity
Ferroelectricity
Conclusion

3. PIEZOELECTRICITY

4. What is piezoelectricity?
Response of applied mechanical stress on the material

5. Piezoelectricity
Mechanical Stress Electric Potential

6. A piezoelectric disk generates a voltage when deformed

8. MECHANISM In the crystal +ve and –ve charges gets
aligned symmetrically
so each of the side
forms an electric dipole.
when a mechanical
Stress is applied this
symmetry is disturbed
and voltage is generated

9. Materials used in piezoelectricity
Natural crystals
Man-made crystals
Man-made ceramics
Lead free piezoceramics
Polymers

10. 1. Natural crystals
1. Berlinite (AlPO4), a rare phosphate mineral that is structurally identical to quartz
2. Cane sugar
3. Quartz
4. Rochelle salt
5. Topaz
6. Tourmaline-group minerals

11. Shows piezoelectric effect perpendicular to prism axis.
crystals:-
1.quartz :-
hexagonal structure,
pure and contains traces of other elements Al3+, fe3+,Ti4+,P5+, H+, Li+, Na+, K+.
Density=2.65gm/cm3
Shows piezoelectric effect perpendicular to prism axis.

12. 2]aluminium orthophosphate:-
Rhombic crystal,
Density: 2560 kg/m³
Mol mass: 121,95 g/mol

13. system, similar structure to that of Quartz.
[3]gallium orthophosphate:-
colourless trigonal crystal
system, similar structure to
that of Quartz.
It is not naturally found as the Quartz.
Its piezoelectric effect is twice to that of Quartz

14. 2.Ceramics
Barium titanate (BaTiO3)—Barium titanate was the first piezoelectric ceramic discovered.
Lead titanate (PbTiO3)
Lead zirconate titanate
Potassium niobate (KNbO3)
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3)
Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3)
Sodium tungstate (Na2WO3)

15. 3.man-made crystals
1.Gallium orthophosphate (GaPO4), a quartz analogic crystal
2.Langasite (La3Ga5SiO14), a quartz analogic crystal

16. 4.polymers Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) Typical PVDF Applications
Pressure Pick Ups: distribution of pressure on surfaces, accelerometers, keyboards.
Acoustic Components: microphones, ultrasonic detectors, hydrophones, sonar
Optical Devices: laser diameter measurement,

17. Applications 1.electric cigarette lighter 2.Piezoelectric transformer
3.Sensor
4.Loudspeaker
5.Microphone
6.Inkjet printers
7.DANCE FLOOR

18. Pyroelectricity
Temprature Variation Electric Potential

20. pyroelectric Materials
Single Crystal
Ceramics
Polymers

21. 1. Single crystal (TGS) or ((NH2 CH2COOH)3H2SO4)
1. Triglycine Sulphate
(TGS) or ((NH2 CH2COOH)3H2SO4)
TGS has been extensively studied for
thermal imaging applications and is well known for its use in infrared detectors.
2 .LiTaO3 (Lithium Tantalate)
3. LiNbO3 (Lithium Niobate)
4. Sr1-x BaxNb2O6 (Strontium Barium Niobate)

22. 2. Ceramics 1. lead zirconium titanate (PZT) 2 . Mn-doped lead
zirconate-lead-titanate-lead magnesium niobate (Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3-PbZrO3)

23. 3. Polymers 1. Ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) [p(VdF), PVDF
or PVF2)]

24. Applications 1.Flame and Fire Detectors 2.IR Detector 3.Radiometers
4.Thermometers
5.Imaging

29. Ferroelectricity 1.Spontaneous Polarization
2.Reorientation of Polarization

30. FERROELECTIC MATERIALS
1.Tungston-Bronze group
2.Oxygen Octahedral group
3.Pyroshlore group
4.Bismth-layer Structure group

31. FERROELECTIC MATERIALS
Oxygen Octahedral group
ABO3perovskite type
A=Pb2+ and La3+ ions
B=Zr4+ and Ti4+ ions

32. FERROELECTIC MATERIALS

33. Applications 1.Piezo- & Pyroelectricity 2.Capacitor
3.Ferroelctric Memory Technology
4.FeFET

34. CONCLUSION
It has very large importance in our daily life as we have seen the electricity generation by soft transducer material is very easy and at very low cost

35. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.imit.kth.se/info/SSD/KMF/2B1750/07_Pyro.ppt

36. THANK
YOU

37. QUERY?

40. Insulators for overhead transmission line
Types of insulators
1. Sackle type-Used in 230v-440v, Dumpy shape
2.Pin type-For 11 kv-33kv, small & cheap.
3.Strain type-Above 33kv, used in vertical plane.
4.Suspension type-Above 33kv, used in horizontal plane

41. Characteristics of insulators
There should be not any pores or air space.
There should not be any impurities.
There should be perfectly homogeneous material.
Leakage current should be minimum.
Insulators should be able to withstand over voltage and normal working voltage.
It should be mechanically strong to bear the conductor load.

42. Underground transmission lines
It can assists the transmission of power across:
Densely populated urban areas
Areas where land is unavailable or planning consent is difficult .
Rivers and other natural obstacles
Land with outstanding natural or environmental heritage.
Areas of significant or prestigious infrastructural development.

43. It can assists the transmission of power across:
Densely populated urban areas.
Areas where land is unavailable or planning consent is difficult .
Rivers and other natural obstacles
Land with outstanding natural or environmental heritage.
Areas of significant or prestigious infrastructural development.

44. Cross-section of Underground transmission lines

46. R=resistance per unit length L=Inductance per unit length
Transmission line parameters
R=resistance per unit length
L=Inductance per unit length
G=conductance per unit length
C=Capacitance per unit length

47. For harmonic variation V(z, t)=v e^(-αz)cos(wt-βz)
Transmission line equations
For harmonic variation
V(z, t)=v e^(-αz)cos(wt-βz)
I(z, t)=I e^(- αz)cos(wt-βz)

48. For harmonic variation V(z, t)=V’ e^(-αz)cos(wt-βz)
I(z, t)=I’ e^(- αz)cos(wt-βz)
Where
V=voltage across z-axis
I=current across z-axis
V’=maximum voltage
I’=maximum current
α= Attenuation factor
β= phase factor

49. Loss in transmission line

50. Lossless transmission line

51. Conditions for lossless line
1.Resistance=o
2.Attenuation factor(α)=0
3.Conductance=infinity
4.Characteristic impedence=√(L/C)

52. Electric POWER DISTRIBUTION

53. Two types of distribution systems
1. High voltage or Primary distribution systems.
2. Low voltage or Secondary distribution systems.

54. Primary distribution systems
A 3-phase 3-wire system. Operates at voltages such as 3.3,6.6,11 kV or higher even some what higher than 230 V.
A primary distribution line is used Called FEEDER. Each feeder can carry a load of 1-2 MVA.
33/11 kV substations – Load requirement order of 5 MVA. No of feeders required 3-4.
For the Load exceeding 8 MVA the secondary transmission is carried out at 66 kV. So as to reduce the line losses, and therefore secondary substations are 66/11 kV.
66/11 kV substations –Load requirement order of 8 MVA. No of feeders required 6-8.

55. Feeders 1. Radial Feeders. 2. Parallel Feeders. 3. Loop Feeders.
Feeders are of 4 types
1. Radial Feeders.
2. Parallel Feeders.
3. Loop Feeders.
4. Inter connected.

56. Radial Feeders
Radiates from the secondary substation and branches into distribution transformer connected (11 kV/415 kV) sub feeders and laterals. Advantageous for supplying power to heavy industrial load near the secondary substation, isolated loads such as tube wells and areas of low load density such as villages.
Drawbacks:
1.When a fault occurs at any point on the feeder supply to all consumer beyond the fault point towards the tail end gets interrupted.
2. In case of increase in load demand , the length of the feeder has to be extend and may results in a greater voltage drop. It may cause the voltage towards the tail end to reach a value below the permissible value.

57. Parallel Feeders
In this system 2 radial feeders originating from the same or different secondary substation are run in parallel. Each feeder though capable of supplying the entire load, shares the total load equally in normal conditions. As in case of fault on one feeder, the total load can be supplied by the healthy feeder. Interruption of supply is only for the time duration i.e. taken in transferring the load from the faulty feeder to the healthy one either by manual or by automatic switches. Such a system is used when the continuity of supply is of greater importance.

58. Loop Feeders
In a loop feeder system 2 or more radial feeders originating from the same or different secondary substations are laid on different routes of load areas. The arrangement having the ends of 2 feeders tied together through normally open switching devices is known as open loop system while the arrangement having the ends of 2 feeders tied together through normally closed switching devices is called ring main feeder or the ring loop. This system is most reliable for continuity of supply and gives better voltage regulation and less power losses.
The use of this system is prohibitive on account of very large investment involved.

59. Inter-connected Network System
When the feeder ring main is energized from 2 or more than two generating stations or substation and it is called the Inter connected network system. Because of inter connected feeders, power can be supplied to all the distribution transformers even though a part of network may be out of service such a system is employed in large metropolitan cities where continuity of the supply is more important.

60. Secondary distribution system
In this system distribution occurs in 2 way
1. 3-phase 4-wire distribution.
2. Single-phase 2-wire distribution.

61. 3-Phase 4-Wire distribution system
Transformer substation contains (1) High voltage switch gears and bus bars and (2) Low voltage fuses or Links.
High or extra high voltage feeder cable supplies to primary from the generating station. Low voltage bass bars are distinguished by their colour RED, YELLOW, BLUE for phases and BLACK for the neutral. The local 4-wire distributors are connected in parallel to the bus bars through the fuses or links.
Domestic and other low consumers -> 2 wire service cables.
Larger Non domestic consumers -> 4 wire service {230 V single phase for lightning , 400 V 3-phase for power}

62. Single phase 2-wire distribution system
Employed for supplying purely domestic loads. These are connected to single phase & neutral at the sub station bus bars.

63. Classification Secondary distribution system can be classified as
1. Radial System
2. Open loop System
3. Network distribution system

64. 3. Fault on a distributor can affect a lots of consumer.
Radial system
In this system the low voltage distributors radiate out from the distribution transformer and run through the areas of supply. A simplest less expensive system.
DRAWBACKS :
1. The end of the distributor nearest to the supply end would be heavily loaded.
2. The consumers at the furthest end of the distributor would be subjected to serious voltage fluctuations with the variation in load.
3. Fault on a distributor can affect a lots of consumer.

65. Open loop system
In this system 2 low voltage distributors take off from the same distribution transformer and run in different directions and so supply in different areas. The far ends of the 2 distributors are tied together by a normally open switching device. In the case of a fault on one line, the load can be supplied though partially from the other line. Thus in this system the reliability of supply is improved and cost is increased marginally in comparison to the previous one.

66. Network distribution system
It consisting of a number of interconnected distributing lines is supplied from 2 or more distribution transformers operating in parallel.
It is an advantageous system because in case of one transformer fails load can be supplied by other one.
Such a system is used in High load density METROPOLITAN areas.

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