1. Minerals
Section 2.2

2. Section 2.2
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition.
In order for a material to be considered a mineral it must have the following characteristics:
Naturally Occurring – not man made
Solid Substance – solid in normal temp.
Orderly crystalline structure – atoms arranged in an order
Definite chemical composition – has a specific chemical formula
Generally considered inorganic – not living

3. Section 2.2 Salt Coal Silver Steel Sugar Gold Glass Wood Concrete
Which of the following items are minerals and which are not?
Salt
Coal
Silver
Steel
Sugar
Gold
Glass
Wood
Concrete
Snowflake
Seashell
Bone

4. Section 2.2 How minerals form:
Crystallization from magma – as magma cools, elements combine to form minerals ( Quartz, Feldspar, Muscovite)
Precipitation – as Earth’s water evaporate dissolved substances can react to form minerals (Halite & Calcite)
Pressure & Temperature – when minerals are exposed to pressure or temp their atomic structure can change to form new minerals (Talc & Muscovite)
Hydrothermal solutions – extremely hot solutions come into contact with minerals and cause chemical reactions that form new minerals (Bornite & Chalcopyrite)

5. Crystallization of Magma

6. Mineral Groups
Minerals are classified into groups based on their chemical composition
Silicates
Most common group of minerals
Contain Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)
The structure is a tetrahedron, which consists of one silicon atom and four oxygen atoms

7. Mineral Groups Carbonates Oxides Second most common mineral
Contain Carbon (C), Oxygen (O) and one or more other metallic elements
Calcite (CaCO3) is the most common carbonate
Limestone & Marble contain carbonates
Oxides
Contain Oxygen (O) and one or more other elements, usually metals
Corundum (Al2O3) and Hematite (Fe2O3) are examples

8. Mineral Groups Sulfates & Sulfides Contain Sulfur (S)
Can form from mineral rich waters or thermal solutions
Pyrite (FeS2) & Galena (PbS) are examples

9. Mineral Groups Halides Native Elements
Contain a halogen ion plus one or more other elements
Includes the elements Fluorine (F) & Chlorine (Cl)
Halite (NaCl) is an example
Native Elements
Are elements in their pure form
Gold (Au), Silver (Ag) and Copper (Cu) are examples
Some form from hydrothermal solutions

10. Mineral Groups
Copper