1. Chapter 2 Minerals Reading: 2.1-2.6

2. Relationships to Earth Systems
Biosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Lithosphere
Calcite Limestone,
Halite,
Clay minerals

3. 2.1 What is a Mineral?
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure.

4. Is Ice a Mineral? According to our definition? Naturally occurring?
Inorganic? Solid?
Chemical composition ?
Crystalline structure?

5. 2.2 Chemical Composition First lets go to Atoms !
All matter is made of Atoms.
Every speck of Gas, liquid, or Solid surrounding you is a mix of millions of Atoms.

6. Atoms and Elements

7. “The Big 8” Most Abundant Elements in Earth Crust

8. Charging Particles: Ions
Positive Charge +
Cation
(1-8)
Negative Charge –
Anion
(1-4)

9. Other Bonds Covalent Bond Metallic Bond
Between 2 Nonmetals neither one donates or gives up an electron, They simply Share in outer orbital shell forming Covalent bond
Metallic Bond
very few electrons in the outer most electron shells. Instead of donating or sharing these electrons are released from the orbital shell and available for a nearby cluster of atoms to use.
“floting in a sea of Electrons”

10. Formulating Compounds
SiO2
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4

11. 2.3 Crystalline Nature of Minerals
A crystal is any substance whose atoms are arrange in a regular, periodically repeated pattern.
When atoms combine to form minerals they so in organized way that forms a geometric pattern called crystal.

12. Crystals

13. Minerals and Rocks Room 222 ( Geology Building).
Geology Building lobby
Museum ?

14. Physical Properties of Minerals
1 Crystal habit (shape)
2) Cleavage & fracture
3) Hardness
4) Specific gravity
5) Color
6) Streak
7) Luster
Others (Taste, Reaction to Acid, magnetism. )

15. Crystal Habit Quartz: elongated crystals
Quartz: no characteristic shape

16. Cleavage & Fracture

17. Mohs Mineral Hardness Scale

18. Specific Gravity
Quartz 2.7
Au 19

19. Color

20. Luster

21. Other

22. Mineral Classes

23. Silicates Si O

24. Carbonates

25. 2.6 Commercially Important Minerals

27. Important Minerals

28. 2.7 Harmful and Dangerous Roks and Minerals
Asbestos.
Feldspar  Quartz

29. Next Class
Rocks