1. Inclusions in gemstones: Gems in Gems
Egor Gavrilenko
Instituto Gemológico Español

2. Inclusions in gemstones: Gems in Gems
Introduction
Types of inclusions
Importance of inclusions:
In Geology
In Gemology
Methods of inclusion’s studies
The artistic side of inclusions:
Photomicrography
Special cuts and jewelry

3. Introduction
Inclusions: Particles of other minerals or cavities found inside crystals, trapped during crystal’s growth or formed inside after the host mineral formation.
In gemology, are also considered mechanical inclusions (fissures, growth lines, etc.) and color zoning, described together as “internal characteristics” of gems.

4. Introduction Negative impact on quality of gemstones (Clarity)
Photos Anthony Cáceres

5. Types of inclusions: By type of trapped material
Single phase:
Solid
Liquid
Gaseous
Two phases:
Liquid-vapor
Liquid-liquid
Liquid-solid
Solid-gaseous
Three phases …
Multiphase ….
Photo Juan S. Cózar

6. Types of inclusions: By time of their formation
For solid inclusions
Protogenetic
Syngenetic
Epigenetic
For fluid inclusions
Primary
Secondary
Pseudo-secondary

7. Applications in Geology
Sequence of mineral formation in mineral deposits
P-T conditions of mineral formation (fluid inclusions study, thermodynamic stability diagrams for syngenetic minerals)
Development of genetic models for mineral deposits (mineralization fluids origin, age, relation with magmatic and tectonic events, etc.).

8. Importance for Gemology
Aesthetic importance
Importance for gem’s identification
Special collections

9. Importance for Gemology
Aesthetic importance:
Color of some gems
Special phenomena:
Aventurescence
Chatoyancy
Asterism
Special gemological varieties
Photo Marco Campos Venuti
Photo Marco Campos Venuti

10. Importance for Gemology
Importance for gem identification:
Type of gem
Natural or synthetic
Treatments
Geographic origin
Photo José María Alonso
Photo Juan S. Cózar
Photo José María Alonso

11. Methods of inclusions studies
Microscopic observation + photomicrography
Electron microscopy + EDX or WDX (punctual)
X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (global)
Raman Spectroscopy (punctual or global)
FTIR Spectroscopy (punctual or global)
Fluid inclusions microthermometry

12. Methods of inclusions studies
Microscopic observation + photomicrography
Electron microscopy + EDX or WDX (punctual)
X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (global)
Raman Spectroscopy (punctual or global)
FTIR Spectroscopy (punctual or global)
Fluid inclusions microthermometry

13. Fluid inclusions microthermometry

14. Emeralds from the Urals
T = oC,
P = 2,5-3 kb, 8 wt % NaCl
H2Oliq vol %
CO2liq ~ 5-7 vol % Vapor vol %
TmCO2= Tmice= Tmclatr= Th(LV)CO2= Th(VL)liq 

15. The artistic side of inclusions
Photomicrography
Special cut gems to highlight the beauty of inclusions
Designer jewelry focused on gems with inclusions

17. Special cut gems John Bailey, www.gemstoneartist.com
Quartz with phantom planes oriented to reflect as "angel wings"
John Bailey,
Oregon Sunstone using copper schiller to highlight concave faceting
John Bailey,
“The Sword In the Stone” - quartz with single brookite inclusion
John Bailey,
Red Hematite flake in Quartz. Flake oriented to give color to the gem.
Richard P. Homer, Gems by Design, Inc., Kent, OH, USA
30.95 ct. rutilated Quartz with a single natural needle in the center.
AGTA Spectrum Awards Winners 2012
Honorable Mention, Innovative Faceting

18. Custom made jewelry
White gold pendant with quartz with epidote inclusions and green tourmalines, by Laura Márquez
White gold pendant with rutilated quartz and citrines, by Laura Márquez
Pendant with rutilated quartz in white gold, by Laura Márquez
Quartz with tourmaline needles, cut by Munsteiner, white gold pendant by Laura Márquez
Gold neclace with rutilated quartz, by Xisco Clapés Triviño

19. - Thanks for your attention -