1. The Effects of Soil Compaction on Radish Growth I.E., T.G., D.H., M.M., and Janice Wing Project from STEM Earth Central STEM Earth Central

2. Plant Growth Basics  Required conditions Water Water Nutrients Nutrients Soil medium Soil medium Sunlight Sunlight Temperature Temperature  Role of pore space in soil

3. Compaction  Modeling human impact on land Vehicles on land Vehicles on land Hiking trails Hiking trails  Impact on plant growth

4. Experiment Hypothesis “Highly compacted soil will hinder plant germination and slow early growth.” “Highly compacted soil will hinder plant germination and slow early growth.”

5. Our Experiment  4 soil types  3 degrees of soil compaction  Controlled environmental conditions Water Water Sunlight Sunlight Soil volume Soil volume Number of seeds Number of seeds Depth and spacing of seeds Depth and spacing of seeds

6. Experiment Methods Watering Heavy Compaction “Tap-Down” Compaction

7. Watering

8. Levels of Compaction Note Standing Water

9. Measurements  Percent germination  Growth rate (height)

10. Germination

11. Percent Germination by Date

12. Average Seeding Growth Rate

13. Radish Growth

14. Considerations  Standing water  Original soil moisture  Soil particle size and pore size Different soil types Different soil types

15. Conclusions  Soil compaction reduces percent germination  Heavy compaction reduces growth rate

16. Future Questions  Is limited growth due to… Small pore size? Small pore size? Limited water percolation? Limited water percolation? Increased pressure? Increased pressure? Anoxia? Anoxia?

17. New Skills Learned  Manipulating photographs in Adobe Photoshop Elements FilterArtisticPaint Daubs FilterArtisticPaint Daubs Image Transform Distort Image Transform Distort Composited Layers (to hide leaves) Composited Layers (to hide leaves)  Animated 3 images in PowerPoint Result = Growing Radish  Hyperlink

18. The Effects of Soil Compaction on Radish Growth I.E., T.G., D.H., M.M., and Janice Wing Project from STEM Earth Central STEM Earth Central Grows on Mouse Click. Third picture appears on delay. Hyperlink

19. New Skills Learned  Picture as background  Composited Layers Result = Original background No price tag

20. Our Experiment  4 soil types  3 degrees of soil compaction  Controlled environmental conditions Water Water Sunlight Sunlight Soil volume Soil volume Number of seeds Number of seeds Depth and spacing of seeds Depth and spacing of seeds Distracting numbers in the background GONE!

21. New Skills Learned  Use of slide master Result = Easier slide manipulation Greater consistency Custom Radish  Insert movie Result seen later…

22. The End Let’s Celebrate! Let’s Celebrate!