2. Chapter 9 Section 1 Vocabulary
ATP – adenosine triphosphate
ADP – adenosine diphosphate

3. 1. The Cell’s need for energy
Energy is essential for life
- must be able to acquire, store, and use energy in a controlled manner
Uses for energy in the cell 
- active transport, cell division, movement, production and storage of proteins
Uses for energy in your body 
- muscles, brain, digestion, etc. 

4. 2. How do we get this energy?
When you need energy, you eat
- this food eventually gets into your cells and is converted into a type of quick energy molecule called ATP
The energy is stored in the bonds of ATP 

5. 3. Forming and Breaking ATP
the phosphates of ATP do not like being near each other, and it takes energy to get them to bond
AMP  one phosphate attached
ADP  two phosphates attached
ATP  three phosphates attached
The energy between these bonds is available when the bonds break
The molecule is recycleable 

7. 4. How to get the energy from ATP’s bonds
When work needs to be done, an ATP molecule binds to a specific site on the molecule needing the work
The phosphate bond is broken, energy is released and used right away
ATP is now ADP, which is then released from the molecule that needed the energy
Another ATP molecule then takes it’s spot if more energy is needed 

8. 5. Uses of Cell Energy making new molecules (enzymes) Build membranes
Build new cell organelles
Maintain homeostasis
Move molecules and ions around
Active transport! 

9. Sunlight 
Carbon dioxide 
(CO2)
Oxygen
(O2)
Water 
(H2O)
 sugar
(C6H12O6)

10. Chapter 9 Section 2 Vocabulary
Light-dependent reactions
Electron transport chain
Chlorophyll
Pigment

11. 6. Photosynthesis Trapping energy from sunlight
Plants convert sunlight into ATP
- because it’s not always light, plants store the ATP
Plants use this energy (ATP) to build sugar molecules
This is called “photosynthesis” 

12. Photosynthesis continued…
Happens in two phases:
1. Light-dependent reactions
- sunlight  ATP
2. Light-independent reactions
- ATP used produce sugars from CO2
Light +6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 

13. 7. Chloroplasts & Pigments
Chloroplast  organelle where photosynthesis happens
Thylakoid discs are inside the chloroplast
- these contain the pigment chlorophyll, where the sunlight is trapped
- chlorophyll traps all light except green 

14. 8. The Light-Dependent Reactions (Light Reactions)
1. Sunlight strikes the chlorophyll molecules
2. Water is split, oxygen departs and the energy is transferred to electrons (Hydrogens)
3. The hydrogens pass down the 1st Electron Transport Chain - energy is trapped in ATP molecules
4. The hydrogens pass down the 2nd Electron Transport Chain where the hydrogens get trapped by NADP+ (becomes NADPH)
5. ATP & NADPH will go onto the Dark Reactions 

16. Turn in coloring AND active reading
Sunlight 
Carbon dioxide 
(CO2)
Oxygen
(O2)
Water 
(H2O)
 sugar
(C6H12O6)

17. Chapter 9 Section 2 Vocabulary
Photosynthesis
Light-independent reactions
Calvin Cycle

19. 9. Restoring electrons to chlorophyll
Most of the electrons (H’s) left with NADPH
Electrons must be at chlorophyll to grab the sunlight
Water is split into H and O to restore the electrons to chlorophyll
This reaction is called “photolysis” 

21. 10.The Light-Independent Reactions (Dark Reactions, Calvin Cycle)
ATP & NADPH from Light Reactions comes here
The energy & hydrogens are used to make sugar (C6H12O6) from CO2
It takes 6 rounds on the Calvin Cycle to make one sugar molecule 

23. Section Assessments
Discuss and write answers at the end of your notes:
Page 230 (1-4)

25. Turn in Photosynthesis review sheet
 water
Oxygen 
(O2)
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
Food 
(sugar, C6H12O6)
 ATP

26. Chapter 9 Section 3 Vocabulary
Cellular respiration
Glycolysis
Aerobic
Citric acid cycle
Anaerobic
Lactic acid fermentation

27. 11. Getting Energy to make ATP
Mitochondria break down food to make ATP
- this is called cellular respiration; there are three stages:
1. Glycolysis
2. Citric Acid Cycle (AKA Krebs cycle)
3. Electron Transport Chain 

29. 12. Glycolysis
Splits glucose (6 carbon sugar) into two pyruvates (3 carbon sugars)
Two ATPs are needed to do this, but four ATPs are produced (net gain of two ATPs)
Anaerobic process & occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
NAD+ is an electron carrier; it picks up electrons here and becomes NADH (to be used later in the electron transport chain) 

31. 13. From glycolysis to the citric acid cycle
happens after glucose splits to become pyruvate
- pyruvate loses a CO2 molecule
- the sugar fragment combines with coenzyme A to become “acetyl CoA”
- this produces a NADH and an H+ 

32. 14. Citric Acid Cycle
1. Each Acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) enters the Citric Acid Cycle and binds to oxaloacetic acid (4 carbons) and becomes citric acid (6 carbons)
2. CO2 is removed and a NADH is produced
3. Another CO2 is removed and 1 ATP and 1 NADH are produced
4. FADH2 and NADH are produced and oxaloacetic acid is recycled 

34. 15. Electron Transport Chain
the ETC is a chain made of proteins
NADH and FADH2 deposit their electrons at the beginning
The electrons are attracted to oxygen, which lies at the end of the chain
As they pass, they transfer energy which will get trapped in the bonds of ATP
LOTS of ATP is produced
When they join oxygen, it becomes water 

37. Turn in Cellular Respiration sheet
Sunlight 
Carbon dioxide 
(CO2)
Oxygen
(O2)
Water 
(H2O)
 sugar
(C6H12O6)

38.  water Oxygen  (O2) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Food   ATP
(sugar, C6H12O6)
 ATP

40. 16. Fermentation Happens when there is no oxygen Two kinds:
1. Lactic acid fermentation (muscle cells)
2. Alcoholic fermentation (yeast)
Occurs AFTER glycolysis and BEFORE the Citric Acid Cycle 

42. Section assessments Discuss and write answers on your SAQ sheet
Page 237 (1 – 5)
The end!