1. KEY CONCEPT Photosynthesis requires a series of chemical reactions.

2. The equation for the overall process is:
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6
granum (stack of thylakoids)
thylakoid
sunlight
1 six-carbon sugar
6H2O
6CO2
6O2
chloroplast 1 2 4 3
energy
stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)

3. The first stage of photosynthesis captures and transfers energy.
The light-dependent reactions include groups of molecules called photosystems.

4. Photosystem II captures and transfers energy.
chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight
energized electrons enter electron transport chain
water molecules are split
oxygen is released as waste
hydrogen ions are transported across thylakoid membrane

5. Photosystem I captures energy and produces energy-carrying molecules.
chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight
energized electrons are used to make NADPH
NADPH is transferred to light-independent reactions
hydrogen ions are transported through the ATP synthase helping ADP to bind to p creating ATP.

6. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP.
hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid membrane
ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP

7. The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy from the first stage to make sugars.
Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma and use CO2 molecules.

8. A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight.
carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle and is added to a five carbon molecule.
energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged
a high-energy three-carbon molecule leaves the cycle

9. A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight.
two three-carbon molecules bond to form a sugar
remaining molecules stay in the cycle