1. Resources for Algae Production in Texas Allison Osborne

2. Algae is an Emerging Fuel Resource Highest productivity for biodiesel: 5,000- 15,000 gallons/acre-year. Immature industry, algae oil production has struggled to cost-effectively scale up. Couple freely-available sources of water and carbon dioxide for cost-effective algae production. Source of images: Sunrise Ridge Algae, Inc.

3. Texas Climate and Land Availability of a suitable climate and sunlight resources in Texas. Algae can be grown in ponds, shrimp/fish farms, photobioreactors on private land, or closed, vertical reactors on intensively used urban land. Source of images: Greenfuel Technologies, Corp.

4. GIS Research Where do wastewater and carbon dioxide resources co-exist in Texas to permit cost-effective algae production? Given annual sunlight conditions, what volume of algae, and algae oil, can be produced from those resources? What limitations does land use set? Equations: – Yield (based on available sunlight)= 3.1536* Insolation* Solar energy capture efficiency/energy content of dry biomass – Yield (based on water and CO 2 ) calculated according to photosynthesis equation: 6(CO 2 ) + 6(H 2 O) + light -> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6(O 2 )

5. Wastewater and CO 2 Sources in Texas

6. 2 Facilities with Water and CO 2 within 0.5 Miles Name Flow Rate (MGD)CO 2 (tons) Sunlight (wh/m 2 /d)Land Use Texas Petrochemicals Houston6.5933,1614,088Hay/Pasture Bayport Complex0.0721,629,4604,208Woody Wetlands

7. Calculated Algae Potential at 2 Sites Location Name Biomass Yield (tons/ha) CO 2 Limited Yield (tons) Water Limited Yield (tons) Maximum Oil Yield (barrels) Texas Petrochemicals Houston1.408399,42151,791 65,671 Bayport Complex1.449697,458574 727 Total66,398 Accounts for approximately 0.007% of annual crude oil consumption in Texas.

8. Bioreactor Types Location NameLand Required (ha)Reactor Type Texas Petrochemicals Houston36,785Mixed Bayport Complex396Vertical Photobioreactors Texas PetrochemicalsBayport Complex

9. 8 Facilities with Water and CO 2 within 1.0 Miles Name Flow Rate (MGD)CO 2 (tons) Sunlight (Wh/m 2 /d)Land Use Liberty City WSC WWTP0.1821,593,1194,366Developed, Low Intensity Rhodia, Inc. Guar Processing1.34,829,9775,032Herbaceous Polk Street WWTP0.427,5334,730Developed, Open Space Texas Petrochemicals Houston6.5933,1614,088Hay/Pasture City of Sanger WWTF0.9804,884Developed, Low Intensity City of Winfield WWTP0.08417,491,5424,458Shrub/Scrub Bayport Complex0.0721,629,4604,208Woody Wetlands City of Celeste WWTP0.094839,6614,554Developed, Open Space

10. Name Sunlight Yield (tons/ha) CO 2 Limited Yield (tons) Water Limited Yield (tons) Oil Yield (barrels) Liberty City WSC WWTP1.59,242,5091,434 1,819 Rhodia, Inc. Guar Processing1.72,067,37710,358 13,134 Polk Street WWTP1.611,7853,187 4,041 Texas Petrochemicals Houston1.4399,42151,791 65,671 City of Sanger WWTF1.707,808 0 City of Winfield WWTP1.57,486,910669 849 Bayport Complex1.4697,458574 727 City of Celeste WWTP1.616,976755 958 Total 87,199 Calculated Algae Potential at 8 Sites Accounts for approximately 0.01% of annual crude oil consumption in Texas. With 50% recycle, production rises to 2.2 billion barrels (0.2% of consumption in Texas)

11. Bioreactor Types Liberty City Rhodia Polk Street City of Sanger City of Winfield City of Celeste NameLand Required (ha)Bioreactor Type Liberty City WSC WWTP954Horizontal/Ponds Rhodia, Inc. Guar Processing5,977Horizontal/Ponds Polk Street WWTP1,956Horizontal/Ponds Texas Petrochemicals Houston36,785Mixed City of Sanger WWTF4,642Horizontal/Ponds City of Winfield WWTP436Horizontal/Ponds Bayport Complex396Vertical Photobioreactors City of Celeste WWTP482Horizontal/Ponds

12. Conclusions Overall, algae oil may provide limited contribution to total Texas oil consumption unless significant water recycle is implemented. Limited growth potential at some of the identified facilities. Consider options for transporting wastewater/carbon dioxide to increase production potential.

13. Questions?