1. By: Derrick Griffin

2. It is a well-known fact that the Dead Sea located in Jordan, Israel is one of the saltiest lakes in the world, whose salinity is approximately 30%. Such a huge salinity makes it almost biologically lifeless. However this lake contains large quantities of different minerals and some quantity of dissolved organic matter. Minerals of the Dead Sea are important for medicinal and cosmetics purposes. Unfortunately, the Dead Sea is slowly drying up and soon it will no longer be around in years to come. We can help preserve the Dead Sea and it’s important that we use its wealth more rationally to prevent or delay its death. Thus it is imperative that we find answers to the following questions: Which minerals are exactly dispersed within the water? What are the minerals concentration and their vertical and horizontal space distribution? We must find if this solution is unique and stable?

3.  2004 Optical Expedition Scientific Team  Absorption & Attenuation & Number of Wavelengths  Particulate Attenuation as c part = a part + b part.

4.  Which method did I use to conduct my research?  What are the benefits of using the Optical method?

6. Depth (m) a p (412)a p (440)b p (412)b p (440)c p (412)c p (440)b bp (660) 1.50.1420.0971.1041.0801.2461.177 1.076E- 02 1.50.1370.0941.1091.0841.2461.179 1.081E- 02 1.50.1360.0921.1291.1111.2651.203 1.081E- 02 1.50.1430.0991.1421.1181.2851.217 1.080E- 02

9. What problems are we trying to solve? What are our parameters?

10. Depth_min (m)Depth_max (m)Depth_mean (m) 1.510.0005.8 1020.00015.0 2030.00025.0 3040.00035.0 4050.00045.0 50100.00075.0 100150.000125.0 150200.000175.0 200250.000225.0 250286.317268.2

11. How did we solve our research problem? Did we make any assumptions about our solution?

12.  0.7413.736 0.7613.755 0.6873.679 0.6283.616 0.5123.488 0.4863.459 0.3913.344 0.4173.376 0.4963.471 0.4983.472

13. n p (660) 1.104 1.107 1.116 1.138 1.135 1.133 1.130 1.132

14. k p (555) 1.313E-031.017E-03 1.253E-039.797E-04 1.809E-031.524E-03 2.485E-033.105E-03 9.727E-042.686E-03 7.273E-042.493E-03 5.712E-042.403E-03 5.311E-042.376E-03 7.166E-042.333E-03 6.960E-042.321E-03

15. D 32 1.517 0.953 1.426 0.921 1.675 1.007 2.063 1.127 2.961 1.366 3.236 1.432 4.327 1.670 3.986 1.599 3.184 1.419 3.224 1.429

16.  2.4661.550 2.4021.552 3.0351.824 4.4812.447 6.2562.885 6.7342.979 8.7923.394 8.1163.256 6.6112.947 6.6662.954

17. C V (Q a ) 4.773E-07 6.088E-07 4.467E-07 5.653E-07 3.577E-07 4.173E-07 2.997E-07 2.354E-07 7.058E-07 2.580E-07 9.146E-07 2.706E-07 1.296E-06 3.135E-07 1.322E-06 3.012E-07 8.610E-07 2.676E-07 8.836E-07 2.683E-07

18. N part (mL -3 ) 5.716E+064.452E+06 3.500E+062.788E+06 7.300E+064.947E+06 1.374E+075.623E+06 8.592E+071.338E+07 1.362E+081.629E+07 3.542E+082.897E+07 3.060E+082.483E+07 1.236E+081.569E+07 1.305E+081.605E+07

19.  part (kg/l) 2.25 2.28 2.33 2.49 2.46 2.45 2.43 2.45 2.44

20. TSM (g/m^3) 1.074E+001.370E+00 1.017E+001.287E+00 8.339E-019.728E-01 7.452E-015.854E-01 1.737E+006.349E-01 2.239E+006.623E-01 3.144E+007.607E-01 3.210E+007.314E-01 2.106E+006.544E-01 2.158E+006.552E-01

21. a p (412) 0.110 0.100 0.096 0.092 0.091 0.087 0.090 0.088 0.082

22. c p (412) 1.280 1.239 1.079 0.826 0.870 0.891 0.953 0.938 0.885

23. b p (412) 1.171 1.140 0.982 0.734 0.780 0.804 0.862 0.850 0.803

24.  Mathematical Solution  Not a unique solution  Where the parameters met?

25.  Create Code to compute all 1748 Values  Provide more accurate visual of data

26. The Ocean Optics Team would like to give special thanks to Dr. Hayden, our mentors Dr. Sokoletsky, Je’aime Powell, Jeff Wood, and all faculty and staff who have helped me attain valuable resources that can be utilized in my future endeavours.

27.  Boss, E., W. S. Pegau, W. D. Gardner, J. R. V. Zaneveld, A. H.Barnard, M. S. Twardowski, G. C. Chang, and T. D. Dickey. 2001. The spectral particulate attenuation and particle size distribution in the bottom boundary layer of a continental shelf, J. Geophys. Res. 106: 9509–9516.  Hulst van de, H. C. 1981. Light Scattering by Small Particles. Dover Publ. Inc., New York, 470 pp.  Mitchell, D. L. 2002. Effective diameter in radiative transfer: General definition, applications, and limitations. J. Atmospheric Sciences. 59: 2330-2346.  Morel, A. and A. Bricaud. 1981. Theoretical results concerning light absorption in a discrete medium and application to specific absorption of phytoplankton. Deep-Sea Res. 28: 1375-1393.  Morel, A. and A. Bricaud. 1986. Inherent optical properties of algal cells including picoplankton: Theoretical and experimental results, pp. 521-559. In: Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 214.  Twardowski, M. S., E. Boss, J. B. Macdonald, W. S. Pegau, A. H. Barnard, and J. R. V. Zaneveld. 1999. Retrieving particle composition from the backscattering ratio and spectral attenuation in marine waters. URL http://argon.oce.orst.edu/biooptics/ members/twardowski/bbn_txt.pdf.  Woźniak, B. and D. Stramski. 2004. Modeling the optical properties of mineral particles suspended in seawater and their influence on ocean reflectance and chlorophyll estimation from remote sensing algorithms. Applied Optics. 43: 3489-3503.  Garber, R. A. 1980. The Sedimentology of the Dead Sea. Ph.D. Thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA, 169 pp  Gavrieli, I. 1997. Halite deposition in the Dead Sea: 1960-1993. pp. 161-170. In: Niemi, T., Ben- Avraham, Z., and Gat, J. R. (Eds.). The Dead Sea - The Lake and its Setting. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.  Gertman, I., and A. Hecht. 2002. The Dead Sea hydrography from 1992 to 2000. J. Mar. Syst. 35: 169-181.  Sokoletsky L. Boss E. Gildor H. Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469