1. ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL STUDIES for DAM CONSTRUCTION

2. 1. PRELIMINARY STUDY
Evaluation of the data having at archives of Universities,......etc
Field investigation for limited time (PRELIMINARY Study)
Some maps in small scale, for example 1/25,000 or 1/50,000
Some hydraulic data about
Basin
Precipitation area
Runoff, maximum discharge {Q=R/t (m3/s)}
Some approach to the reservoir area, dam site and type of dam and height of dam...etc
Photogeological studies
A preliminary report

3. 2. PRELIMINARY STUDIES at the RESERVOIR AREA and DAM SITE
Dam site investigations
1. Location of dam axis
2. Location of diversion tunnel
3. Location of spillway
4. Location of powerhouse...etc
Geological studies
Underground investigations
1. Boreholes
Investigation galleries
4. Surveying for materials
1. Field surveying
2. Laboratory tests

4. 7. Environmental studies 8. Leakage possibilities from reservoir area
5. Slope stability investigations
6. Earthquake hazard & risk analysis
7. Environmental studies
8. Leakage possibilities from reservoir area
9. Leakage possibilities from dam site
10. Erosion, sedimentation & siltation

5. FACTORS AFFECTING to the DAM TYPE SELECTION
Topography
Geology
Bearing capacity of the underlying soil
Foundation settlements
Permeability of the foundation soil
Material availability
Spillway position
Earthquakes
Safety
Height
Aesthetic view
Qualified labour
Cost

6. FACTORS AFFECTING the PLACE of the DAM AXIS
Topography
Geology
Materials
Spillway location availability
Sediments in the flowing water
Water quality
Expropriation costs
Earthquake possibility
Downstream water rights

7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DAMS

8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS of CONSTRUCTION PHASE of DAMS
River pollution
Erosion
Loss of aesthetic view
Air pollution
Noise pollution
Dust

9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS of RESERVOIRS
Loss of land
Habitat Destruction :
The area that is covered by the reservoir is destroyed, killing whatever habitat existed there beforehand.
Loss of archeological and histrorical places
Loss of special geological formations
Aesthetic view reduction
Sedimentation
Change in river flow regime and flood effects
Reservoir induced seismicity
Change in climate and plant species

10. EFFECTS of DAMS on WATER QUALITY
Change in temperature
Turbidity
Dissolved gases in the water
Water discharged from the spillway contains % saturated nitrogen. This amount may be destructive for fish life.
Eutrophication
It means increase in vegetation. If plants exist in water, quality of that water gets worse.

11. SOME DAMS from SPACE

17. CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS

18. CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS
A concrete gravity dam is the solid concrete structure, which is designed, and shaped so that its weight is sufficient to ensure stability against the effects of all imposed forces.
If the dam is properly designed, a solid concrete dam will require little maintenance.
Gravity dams are classified with reference to their height. Dams up to 100 feet high are generally considered as low dams, dams from 100 to 300 feet high are classified as medium-height dams, and dams over 300 feet high as high dams.

19. SELECTION OF DAM SITE
Various considerations which taken into selection of gravity dam are:
A narrow gorge, opening upstream, at the dam site.
Strong rock foundation to safely withstand static and dynamic forces including earthquakes.
Strong and watertight abutments.
Stable side slopes of abutments.
Suitable location for power house and spillway
Availability of construction materials nearby.
Accessibility by rail and road.
Availability of electric supply for construction.

20. FORCES ACTING ON DAM
(i) Dead load.
(ii) Reservoir and tail water loads.
(iii) Uplift pressure.
(iv) Earthquake forces.
(v) Earth and silt pressures.
(vi) Wind pressure.
(vii) Ice pressure.
(viii) Wave Pressure
(ix) Foundation Reaction

22. Dead Load
It comprises the major resisting force. It includes weight of the con­crete or masonry or both plus that of appurtenances such as weight of gates and bridges.
Reservoir and Tail Water Loads

23. Earthquake Forces
The earthquake causes acceleration to the foundation of the dam. The acceleration is
Horizontal acceleration
The horizontal seismic coefficient is taken as 0.03 to 0.24 at the top of the dam reduced linearly to zero at the base. Horizontal acceleration equals to 0.1 g to 0.15 g is sufficient for high dams in seismic zones.
Horizontal acceleration causes inertia force and hydrodynamic pressure.
Inertia forces
Inertia force =  W
Where,
W = weight of dam
g = acceleration due to gravity
 =earthquake intensity (acce. Coeff.)= earthquake acceleration/gravity acc.

24. h = total depth of reservoir (reservoir level-base level of dam)
Hydrodynamic forces
Pe = C  W h
Where,
w = unit weight of water
h = total depth of reservoir (reservoir level-base level of dam)
y = the vertical distance from reservoir surface to elevation in question,
Cm = maximum value of pressure coefficien
Moment of this force about the center of gravity of section, at a depth y from the water surface is given by
M= Pe y2 (Kg m/m)

25. Vertical acceleration
Vertical acceleration may act either downward or upwards.
Acting downward.
When acceleration is acting downward, the foundation tends to move downward from the body of the dam, thereby reducing the effective weight and stability of the dam. It represents worst condition for design purposes.
Reduced weight of dam material = Wc (1-)
Reduced weight of water = W (1-)
When the acceleration is acting vertical it tends to lift the foundation upwards, i.e. closer towards the dam body thereby increasing effective weight of dam and the stress is increased.
Increased weight of dam material = Wc (1+)
Increased weight of water = W (1+)
Acting upwards.

26. Earth and Silt Pressures
Earth pressures have a minor effect on the stability of the dam and are ignored.
Silt gets deposited against the upstream face of the dam. The horizontal silt and water pressure is assumed to be equivalent to that of a fluid weighing 1360 kg/m3. Vertical silt and water determined as if silt and water together have a density of kg/m3.
Wind Pressure
Wind loads on dams are ignored. However, if considered, wind pressure is taken as 100 to 150 Kg/m2 for the dam area exposed to wind.
Ice Pressure Ice pressure is taken as Kg/m2 for the dam area contact with ice.

27. Wave Pressure total wave force (Pw)
Pw = 2 hw ton/m acting at hw above reservoir level
Where, hw = wave height (m)
F = fetch of reservoir (km)
V = wind velocity on water surface (km/hr)