1. 1 CS428 Web Engineering Lecture 12 Data Types & Operators (JavaScript - II)

2. 2 The concept of objects and associated properties and methods is a very powerful idea, and we will be talking about it a lot during this course However, today, our focus will be on some of the nitty-gritty details of JavaScript

3. 3 During Today’s Lecture … We will find out about JavaScript data types About variables and literals We will also discuss various operators supported by JavaScript

4. 4 JavaScript Data Types Unlike in C, C++ and Java, there are no explicit data types in JavaScript Nevertheless, it recognizes & distinguishes among the following types of values: –Numbers, e.g.,23, 4.3, -230, 4.4e-24 –Booleans, e.g.,true, false –Strings, e.g.,“hello”, “What’s the time?” –Undefined

5. 5 We’ll comeback to these data types, but before that we have to have to define a few new terms First, variables:

6. 6 Variables Variables give us the ability to manipulate data through reference instead of actual value Variables are names assigned to values Variables are containers that hold values (Example: Hotel guest name, Guest room no.) Generally, the value of a variable varies during code execution (that is why the term “variable”!)

7. 7 Example x = 1; while (x < 6) { document.write (x); x = x + 1; } x is a variable

8. 8 Try Doing the Same Without Using A Variable document.write (“1”); document.write (“2”); document.write (“3”); document.write (“4”); document.write (“5”); 5 lines of code replacing 5 lines of code! Why use variables?

9. 9 Another Situation x = 1; while (x < 6000) { document.write (x); x = x + 1; }

10. 10 Declaring Variables Many languages require that a variable be declared (defined) before it is first used Although JavaScript allows variable declaration, it does not require it - except in the case when we want to declare a variable being local (more on local variables later in the course!) However, it is good programming practice to declare variables before using them

11. 11 Declaring Variables var height var name, address, phoneNumber

12. 12 JavaScript Variables are Dynamically Typed Any variable in JavaScript can hold any type of value, and the that type can change midway through the program This is unlike the case for C, C++ and Java, where a variable’s type is defined before usage The untyped feature makes JavaScript simpler to program in when developing short programs. However, this feature brings in a few problems as well. Can you describe any?

13. 13 JavaScript Variables are Dynamically Typed var sum ; sum = 43 ; sum = “empty” ; After the execution of the 2nd statement, the data type becomes “number” After the execution of the 3rd statement, the data type changes to “string” After the execution of the 1st statement, the data type of the variable “sum” is “undefined”

14. 14 Identifiers Identifiers are names used by JavaScript to refer to variables ( as well as objects, properties, methods, and functions!) An identifier must begin with an alphabetical character (a-z or A-Z) or the underscore “_” character Subsequent characters can be an alphabetical (a-z or A-B) or numeric character (0-9) or an underscore

15. 15 1stStreet number One 5 bhola@bholacontinental

16. 16 numberOneUniversity N99umber_one_University _5numberoneuniversity x reallyReallyLongIndentifier12345678901234

17. 17 Another Restriction on Identifiers Do not use any of the JavaScript keywords as identifiers For example, do not name a variable as “while”. When the browser sees this term in JavaScript code, it will get confused as it already knows this keyword as part of a loop statement. Same is the case for “var” or “if” or any of the other keywords.

18. 18 JavaScript (Java) Reserved Words Names that can’t be used for variables, functions, methods, objects finallybyteimportthrowselse protectedgotowithdefaultnew abstractstaticclassinterfacevar floatcaseintransientextends publicifthisdonull Booleansuperconstlongvoid forcatch instanceof truefalse returnprivatethrowdoublepackage breakswitchcontinuenativewhile functioncharinttryfinal synchronizedimplements????

19. 19 Avoid These Special Names As Well (1) Names that should not be used for variables, functions, methods, objects alertAreaassignBooleanCheckbox escapeFileUploadFormframesgetClass statusLinklocationMimeTypenavigate onunloadopenerPackagesparseFloatPassword setTimeoutStringsunTexttop AnchorArrayblurButtonSubmit evalfocusFrameFunctionHidden lengthLocationMathnameNavigator openOptionparentparseIntPlugin JavaPackagetaintTextareatoString

20. 20 Avoid These Special Names As Well (2) Names that should not be used for variables, functions, methods, objects closeconfirmassignWindowJavaClass HistoryImageFormjavaonfocus navigatorNumberlocationonblurSelect promptRadioPackagesResetElement unescapevalueOfsunwindowJavaObject closedDateblurDocumentonload historyisNaNFrameJavaArraySelf netscapeObjectMathonerroruntaint prototyperefparentscrolltaint defaultStatusclearTimeoutdocument

21. 21 Identifiers appear in JavaScript statements Let us now discuss a few other elements that appear in those statements

22. 22 Elements of JavaScript Statements b = 2 ; sum = sum + 49 ; name = “Bhola” + “ Continental” ; x = Math.floor ( x ) ; Identifiers Operators Literals Punctuation

23. 23 JavaScript Literals A data value that appears directly in a statement Literals can be of several types. Some of them are: 1.Number 2.String 3.Boolean

24. 24 Numeric Literals 24 -230000000000000000 9.80665 1.67e-27 JavaScript stores all numbers, even integers, as floating-point numbers

25. 25 String Literals “” (empty string literal) ‘’ ‘Bhola’ “Where is the Bhola Continental Hotel?” String literals are always enclosed in a matching pair of single or double quotes

26. 26 Boolean Literals true false if ( tankFull == false) addMoreWater = true

27. 27 JavaScript Operators Operators operate on operands to achieve the desired results JavaScript has numerous operators, classified in many categories. We will look at only a few of them belonging to the following categories: –Assignment operators-- Arithmetic operators –Comparison operators-- String operators –Logical operators We’ll look at a few more during future lectures, but understand that there are many more. Even you text book does not cover all of them!

28. 28 Assignment Operator “=” Changes the value of what is on the LHS, w.r.t. what is on the RHS total_number_of_students = 784 ; title = “Understanding Computers” ; swapFlag = false ; x = y + 33 ;

29. 29 Arithmetic Operators Multiply2 * 4 → 8 Divide 2 / 4 → 0.5 Modulus5 % 2 → 1 Add2 + 4 → 6 Subtract2 - 4 → -2 Negate-(5) → -5

30. 30 Comparison Operators The “equal to (==)” Comparison Operator if ( today == “Sunday” ) document.write(“The shop is closed”); The string “The shop is closed” will be written to the document only if the variable today has a value equal to “Sunday” Not the same as the assignment “=” operator

31. 31 Comparison Operators a == b True if a and b are the same a != b True if a and b are not the same a > b True if a is greater than b a >= b True if a is greater than or equal to b a < b True if a is less than b a <= b True if a is less than or equal to b

32. 32 Example if ( x != 0 ) result = y / x; else result = “not defined”;

33. 33 From comparison operators, now we move to Logical Operators

34. 34 Logical Operators Operate on Boolean expressions or variables The “AND (&&)” Logical Operator if ( (pitch == “hard”) && (bowler == “fast”) ) myStatus = “Pulled muscle”; The value of the variable myStatus will be set to “Pulled muscle” if both of the conditions are true

35. 35 Logical Operators a && bAND True if both are true a || bOR True of either or both are true !aNOT True if a is false

36. 36 Example if ( x || y ) document.write (“Either or both are true”); else document.write (“Both are false”);

37. 37 So far we have looked at the assignment operator, arithmetic operators, comparison operators and logical operators The final category that we are going to look at is string operators In that category, we look at only one, the concatenation operator

38. 38 The “+” String Operator The “+” operator can be used to concatenate two strings title = “bhola” + “continental” The value of the variable title becomes “bholacontinental”

39. 39 Semicolon ; Terminate all JavaScript statements with a semicolon. It is not always necessary, but highly recommended. a = 23 ; quotient = floor( a / 2) ; remainder = a % 2 ;

40. 40 Two more elements that are found in JavaScript statements are white spaces and line breaks

41. 41 White Spaces & Line Breaks White spaces: The space & the tab characters JavaScript ignores any extra white spaces or line breaks that you put in the code This gives you the freedom of using them for making your code appear neat and readable

42. 42 while ( x > 0) { remaind = x % 2; y = remaind + y; } while ( x > 0) {remaind = x % 2; y = remaind + y;} while ( x > 0) { remaind = x % 2; y = remaind + y; }

43. 43 Now let’s talk about a very special type of JavaScript statement that does not really do anything, but is found in most pieces of code!

44. 44 Comments Comments are included on a Web page to explain how and why you wrote the page the way you did Comments can help someone other than the author to follow the logic of the page in the author’s absence The commented text is neither displayed in the browser nor does it have any effect on the logical performance of the Web page, and is visible only when the actual code is viewed

45. 45 JavaScript Comments Single-line comments (two options) // Author: Bhola <!-- Creation Date: 24 April 2011 Multi-line comments /* Author: Bhola Creation Date: 24 April 2011 */

46. 46 HTML Comments <!-- Author: Bhola Creation Date: 24 April 2011 -->

47. 47 comments add clarity!

48. 48 comments let the code speak for itself!

49. 49 x = 75 ;// x is the decimal number y = “” ;// y is the binary equivalent while ( x > 0) { remainder = x % 2 ; quotient = Math.floor( x / 2 ) ; y = remainder + y ; x = quotient ; } document.write(“y = ” + y) ; Decimal to Binary Conversion in JavaScript