1. Speech Production Respiration Conditions that Affect Respiration
Phonation
Articulation and Resonance
English Speech Sounds
Clinical Application
Speech Production

2. Respiration Overview of Respiration and Anatomy Inspiration for Quiet
Inspiration for Speech
Expiration
Interaction of Inspiration and Expiration
Expiration for Sustained Voicing
Expiration for Speech
Speech Production

3. Overview Need to Review Speech Anatomy Boyle’s Law
Especially lungs, trachea, musculature, etc.
Boyle’s Law
Speech Production

4. Overview
Boyle’s Law continued
Speech Production

5. Anatomy - Bronchial Tree
Trachea
16 to 20 rings of smooth cartilage and muscle.
Epithelium and cilia
Function of cilia
Speech Production

6. Anatomy - Bronchial Tree
Primary
Secondary, etc.
Anatomy and function similar to trachea.
Speech Production

7. Anatomy - Bronchial Tree
Bronchioles
Similar to bronchi except no cartilage
Terminate with respiratory bronchioles.
Alveolar ducts
Speech Production

8. Anatomy - Bronchial Tree
Alveolar sacs. Aka alveoli
300 to 750 million in adult
Important for CO2 - O2 Exchange.
Speech Production

9. Anatomy - Lungs and Thoracic Cavity
Right lung is larger than left. Why?
Thoracic Cavity
Sternum
Vertebrae
Ribs
Diaphragm
Speech Production

10. Speech Production

11. Anatomy - Muscles
Diaphragm is inferior to the thorax and forms floor of thoracic cavity. Also, forms ceiling of abdomen
Functionally is forced downward by contraction and when relaxed the lungs will rise.
Speech Production

12. Anatomy - Muscles External Intercostals - important for inspiration
11 pairs
When contracted they pull rib cage upward and outward
Internal Intercostals - important for expiration
When contracted, they pull rib cage downward.
Fibers of two muscle groups are 90 degrees from each other, adding support and protection.
Accessory Muscles of Respiration - see p. 75 of text
Speech Production

13. Anatomy - Pleural Linkage
Rib cage lined with pleura lining.
Two types of pleura lining:
Rib cage lined with costal or parietal pleura
Lungs lined with pulmonary or visceral pleura.
Speech Production

14. Anatomy - Pleural Linkage
Two Functions of pleura lining
Minimizes friction between lungs and rib cage
Linings adhere to each other due to surface tension
Questions
What’s pleurisy?
What’s pneumothorax?
What’s pulmonaria?
Speech Production

15. Speech Production

16. Anatomy - Pleural Linkage
Speech Production

17. Inspiration for Quiet
Refers to the involuntary intake of air into the lungs during quiet breathing.
Occurs because of shortage or O2 and buildup of CO2 in brainstem.
In adults, about 12 to 20 cycles per minute. Higher in infants.
About 40% of breathing cycle is inspiration, and 60% is expiration.
Speech Production

18. Inspiration for Speech
Inspiration for speech differs from inspiration for quiet because …
Lung volume
Degree of automaticity
Speech inspiration requires less of respiratory cycle; 10:90 vs. 40:60.
Speech Production

19. Expiration Refers to exhaling air which is forced out by …
Elastic recoil of rib cage
torque
gravity
Speech Production

20. Interaction of Inspiration and Expiration
Tidal Volume
Vital Capacity
Residual Volume
Total Lung Capacity
Resting Volume
Inspiratory Reserve
Expiratory Reserve
Speech Production

21. Speech Production

22. Expiration for Sustained Voicing
When vital capacity exceeds resting volume (i.e., 40% vital capacity) and when you produce a sustained phoneme, the speaker engages inspiratory muscles to slow the rate of expiration.
Speech Production

23. Expiration for Sustained Voicing (continued)
Specifically these muscle are the external intercostal muscles and the interchondral part of the internal intercostal muscles.
When vital capacity is lower than 40% vital capacity, the speaker engages the expiratory muscles to continue expiration for sustained voicing.
Speech Production

24. Expiration for Sustained Voicing (continued)
Speech Production

25. Expiration for Speech Similar to sustained voicing.
But there are differences…
Temporal and stress patterns require a change in sub-glottal air pressure.
Changes in glottis & vocal tract affect airflow and pressure.
Volume of air expended is different.
Speech Production

26. Conditions that Affect Respiration
Parkinson’s Disease
Cerebellar Disease
Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
Cerebral Palsy
Voice Disorders
Hearing Loss
Speech Production

27. Parkinson’s Disease Progressive neurological disease
Rigidity of muscle movement that can affect respiration and speech production.
Weak breathy voice but varies with degree of impairment.
Lack of pressure can affect individual phonemes.
Speech Production

28. Cerebellar Disease Cerebellum is important for muscle coordination.
Cerebellum may be damaged via disease or injury
Lose of coordination of respiratory muscles.
Speech tends to be “jerky” or unnatural fluctuations of Fo and intensity.
Often will have normal lung capacities but a reduced vital capacity due to inability to coordinate respiratory muscles.
Speech Production

29. Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
Can result in weakness or paralysis to muscles of respiration. May need mechanical respirator.
Problem generating adequate pressure and flow.
Results in soft speech and slow inspirations. Some difficulty generating enough pressure for some phonemes.
VC is reduced.
Insert Christopher Reeve video.
Speech Production

30. Cerebral Palsy Spastic CP - (80% of all CPs) Athetoid CP (10%)
Most common Respiratory muscles tend to be hypotonic and weak.
Inhalations weak and expirations are forced.
Athetoid CP (10%)
Involuntary movements may lead to sudden movements of respiratory muscles.
May become worse under stress
Speech tends to be very “jerky”
Ataxic CP (5-10%)
Lacks coordination.
Tidal Breathing is affected.
Speech Production

31. Voice Disorders Respiration often depends on specific voice disorder
Hyperfunctional
Hypofunctional
Holistic treatment approach of phonation and respiration is common
Speech Production

32. Hearing Loss Actual respiration is typically normal.
Problems with coordination of breath stream with articulation and voicing.
Deaf speakers often expend too much air.
Take inspire less for speech.
Speech Production

33. Summary
Speech Production