1. Forensic Anthropology

2. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle  The shoulder girdle provides support and anchor for the humerus and anchors a variety of muscles. It consists of the following bones: the clavicle and the scapula. http://www.kettering.edu/visitors/story pics/shoulder-joint.jpg

3. The clavicle - description The clavicle - description  S–shaped bone  Articulates medially with manubrium of sternum  Articulates laterally with acromion of the scapula

4. The clavicle – what to know  Superior surface Deltoid attachment Trapezius attachment  Inferior surface Acromial facet (lat) Trapezoid ridge (a/i) Conoid tubercle (p/i) Subclavian groove Costal pit (medial) http://www.sci.utah.edu/~simpson/documentation/projects/ annotation/webdocs/image_gal_files/miscellaneous/clavicl e.jpg

5. The clavicle – left from right  Superior surface smooth  Interior surface rough (sub clavian groove)  Lateral end flatter (art with scapula)  Medial curve – posterior  Lateral curve – anterior

6. The scapula - description  The body of the scapula is large and triangular  Flat side is anterior side (to slide over ribs)  Articulates with the humerus at the glenoid fossa  Articulates with the clavicle at the acromion http://www.kettering.edu/visitors /storypics/shoulder-joint.jpg

7. The scapula – what to know  Anterior/costal surface Body Body 3 borders 3 borders Medial/vertebralMedial/vertebral Lateral/axillaryLateral/axillary superiorsuperior Coracoid process (smaller, anterior) Coracoid process (smaller, anterior) Scapular notch (superior) Scapular notch (superior) Glenoid fossa Glenoid fossa http://www.alignmed.com/images/Scapula_1.jpg

8. The scapula – what to know  Posterior/dorsal surface Scapular spine Scapular spine 3 borders 3 borders Medial/vertebralMedial/vertebral Lateral/axillaryLateral/axillary SuperiorSuperior Acromion process (higher and wider) Acromion process (higher and wider) Supraspinous and infraspinous processes Supraspinous and infraspinous processes http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/oxford/Oxford_Sports/01992108 96.scapula.1.jpg

9. The scapula – left from right  Orient the spine posteriorly  Put the point down  Glenoid fossa is lateral

10. Bones of the thorax  The thorax (or chest) is like a cage made of cartilage and bone. This cage protects the main organs of the circulatory and respiratory systems, and is the base to which the upper limbs are attached. http://home.comcast.net/~wnor/thoraxbones.htm

11. The sternum - description  Manubrium – widened superior portion Jugular notch at top, art. w/ BOTH clavicles, cartilage of BOTH 1 st ribs attach only at manubrium Jugular notch at top, art. w/ BOTH clavicles, cartilage of BOTH 1 st ribs attach only at manubrium

12. The sternum - description  Body – long medium width bone attach at inferior portion of manubrium, cartilage of ribs 3-7 attache to body of sternum  Xiphoid process – small inferior portion of sternum – attachment for abdomen muscles http://home.comcast.net/~wnor/thoraxbones. htm

13. The sternum – what to know  Manubrium Jugular notch Jugular notch Clavicular notch Clavicular notch Costal notches Costal notches  Body of the sternum Costal notches  Xiphoid process Can be fused to sternal body in some cases

14. The ribs - description  24 total (though there may be variation in the number)  Function – protect thoracic organs  Each rib articulates with a thoracic vertebrae and has an extension of cartilage anteriorly Ribs 1-7 are true ribs (direct art. w/ sternum) Ribs 1-7 are true ribs (direct art. w/ sternum) Ribs 8-10 are false ribs (indirect art.) Ribs 8-10 are false ribs (indirect art.) Ribs 11-12 are floating ribs (no art. w/ sternum) Ribs 11-12 are floating ribs (no art. w/ sternum)

16. The ribs – what to know  Head – single or double facet Articulates with lateral vert body Articulates with lateral vert body  Neck  Tubercle – single facet Articulates with transverse process of vert (ribs 1-9/10) Articulates with transverse process of vert (ribs 1-9/10)  Shaft/body  Angle  Costal groove  Sternal end Ribs 1-7 wide, 8-10 tapered, 11-12 flat Ribs 1-7 wide, 8-10 tapered, 11-12 flat

17. The ribs – how to sort  Rib cage barrel-shaped  Easiest to sort… 1 st rib; short, flat, steep curve, long neck 1 st rib; short, flat, steep curve, long neck Inner surface inferior 11 th and 12 th ribs; fan-shaped head, no neck, tapered ends, 12 th VERY short 11 th and 12 th ribs; fan-shaped head, no neck, tapered ends, 12 th VERY short Inner surface superior

18. The ribs – sorting the rest  Head shape changes to fan shaped  Neck length shortens  Curvature changes – but each rib conforms to the curvature of adjacent ribs

19. The ribs - sorting  Figure 4.12b in book ~ 1-4 long necks ~ 1-4 long necks ~ 5-9 double faceted head ~ 5-9 double faceted head ~ 7-9 wide head ~ 7-9 wide head ~ 9-12 no neck ~ 9-12 no neck ~ 11-12 no tubercle ~ 11-12 no tubercle http://home.comcast.net/~wnor/thoraxbone s.htm

21. The ribs – left from right  Head posterior – articulates with vertebrae  Sternal end anterior  Sharp ridge inferior

22. Skeletal anatomy of the arm Comprised of 3 bones Humerus Humerus Radius Radius Ulna Ulna Useful for ALL useful for age/growth Handedness Sex determination ? stature determination

23. The humerus - description  Longest, most robust bone of the arm  Contains the Ball of the Ball and socket joint  Articulations: Proximal – head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity of scapulaProximal – head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity of scapula Distal – radius and ulna with the capitulum and trochlea (resp.)Distal – radius and ulna with the capitulum and trochlea (resp.)  Shape = cylindrical shaft Round, articular proximal endRound, articular proximal end Broad, flattened distal endBroad, flattened distal end

25. The humerus – What to know  Proximal end: Head – points medially Head – points medially Greater tubercle – anterolaterally Greater tubercle – anterolaterally Lesser tubercle – anterior Lesser tubercle – anterior Neck – narrowest area Neck – narrowest area Deltoid tuberosity – lateral attach of deltoid m. Deltoid tuberosity – lateral attach of deltoid m.  Distal end: Medial and lateral epicondyle (Med. Larger) Fossas – named for what depression receives Olecranon – posterior Coronoid - anterior Capitulum – rounded Art. w/ radial head Joint - rotation Trochlea – large, spool-like Art. w/ ulna at olecranon process Joint – flexion/extension

26. Humerus – Right from left  Orient humeral head superior (points medially)  Make sure tubercles are anterior  Make sure trochlea and capitulum are anterior and distal  Olecranon fossa is posterior  Larger of the 2 epicondyles is MEDIAL

27. The radius - description  Lateral to the ulna, more robust  Responsible for ROTATION

28. The Radius  Shaft – teardrop X-section, broadens broadens Round head proximally Round head proximally Full-length interosseous Full-length interosseous ridge on medial surface  Articulations Proximal - radial head with capitulum of humerus AND radial notch of ulnaProximal - radial head with capitulum of humerus AND radial notch of ulna Distal - distal radial articular area with scaphoid and lunate AND ulnar notch of radius with distal ulnaDistal - distal radial articular area with scaphoid and lunate AND ulnar notch of radius with distal ulna

30. The Radius – What to know  Proximal End: Head – art. at capit and radial notch Head – art. at capit and radial notch Neck – narrow area Neck – narrow area Radial tuberosity – anterio-medially orient. attach of biceps m. Radial tuberosity – anterio-medially orient. attach of biceps m.  Distal End: Styloid process – lateral Ulnar notch – postero-medial area of art. w/ulna Dorsal tubercle – posterior Distal articular area art. w/ scaphoid and lunate

31. Radius – Right from left  Orient radial head superior  Make sure the radial tuberosity, ulnar notch and interosseous crest are medial (i.e. point toward the ulna and the interosseous space….)  Dorsal tubercle is posterior (i.e. dorsal….)  Styloid process is lateral

32. The Ulna - description  Medial to the radius, more slender; parallel to radius when arm supine  Responsible for flexion/extension AND stability at elbow joint

33. The Ulna  Articulations Proximal - Olecranon process with trochlea of humerus AND with radial head at radial notch of ulnaProximal - Olecranon process with trochlea of humerus AND with radial head at radial notch of ulna Distal - Ulnar head art. w/ ulnar notch of radius; ? Art. with lunate but separated by articular disk for ↑flexibilityDistal - Ulnar head art. w/ ulnar notch of radius; ? Art. with lunate but separated by articular disk for ↑flexibility  Shape = teardrop shaft Hook-shaped proximally Hook-shaped proximally Narrow head distally Narrow head distally

34. The Ulna – What to know  Proximally: Olecranon process Olecranon process Semilunar notch Semilunar notch Coronoid process – anteri-medial Coronoid process – anteri-medial Radial notch – lateral art. w/ radial head Radial notch – lateral art. w/ radial head  Distally: Head – art. w/ radial ulnar notch Styloid process – medial

35. The Ulna – Right from left  Orient the olecranon process superior and the semilunar notch is anterior  Make sure the radial notch and the interosseous crest are lateral  The head is distal  The styloid process is medial