1. The Appendicular Skeleton
Composed of 126 bones
Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

2. The Appendicular Skeleton
acromion
Figure 5.6a

3. The Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 5.6b

4. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Composed of two bones
Clavicle—collarbone –slender bone; at risk to fracture
Scapula—shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
The clavicle serves as a brace to hold the arm away from the top of the thorax…so there is no problem with the arm clearing the widest dimension of the thoracic cage.

5. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Coracoid process
greater tubercle
Figure 5.21a

6. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
CLAVICLE (#2)
Figure 5.21b

7. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle*
SCAPULA (#1) * * *
Figure 5.21c–d

8. Bones of the Upper Limbs
Humerus
Forms the arm
Single bone

9. Bones of the Upper Limbs*
Humerus (#3) * * * * * * *
Figure 5.22a–b

10. Bones of the Upper Limbs
The forearm has two bones
Ulna
Medial bone in anatomical position
Radius
Lateral bone in anatomical position

11. Bones of the Upper Limbs
Radius (#4) & Ulna (#5) * * * *
Figure 5.22c

12. Bones of the Upper Limbs
The hand
Carpals—wrist 8 bones
Metacarpals—palm
Phalanges—fingers 14 bones

13. Bones of the Upper Limbs
Carpal (#6), Metacarpals (#7),
Phalanges (#8)
Figure 5.23

14. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones
Composed of three pairs of fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Pectoral Girdle is more flexible
Pelvic Girdle is more secure and better able to bear weight

15. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis…therefore, must be massive
It protects several organs
Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder
Part of the large intestine
People instinctively curl over to protect internal organs

16. The Pelvis
More massive than 4 legged creatures because it has to bear more weight.
Figure 5.24a

17. The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone
Illium = yellow bone #1
Ischium = Purple bone #2
Pubis = Red bone #3
The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone * * * * * * * * * *
Figure 5.24b

18. Gender Differences of the Pelvis
The female inlet is larger and more circular
The female pelvis as a whole is shallower, and the bones are lighter and thinner
The female ilia flare more laterally
The female sacrum is shorter and less curved
The female ischial spines are shorter and farther apart; thus the outlet is larger
The female pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater

19. Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.24c

20. True vs false pelvis
The greater or FALSE pelvis is located above the pelvic brim- SUPERIOR; supports the abdominal viscera the organs contained within the abdominal cavity; they include the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and parts of the urinary and reproductive tracts
The lesser or TRUE pelvis below the brim- INFERIOR; limits delivery of baby

21. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The thigh has one bone
Femur
The heaviest, strongest bone in the body

22. Bones of the Lower Limbs Femur #4* * * * * *
Posterior view of right femur
Anterior view of right femur
Patella # 5 * * * *
Figure 5.25a–b

23. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The lower leg has two bones
Tibia
Shinbone
Larger and medially oriented
Fibula
Thin and sticklike

24. Bones of the Lower Limbs* *
Fibula #6
Tibia #7 * * *
Figure 5.25c

25. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The foot
Tarsals
Two largest tarsals
Calcaneus (heelbone)
Talus
Metatarsals—sole
Phalanges—toes

26. Bones of the Lower Limb Talus #8 Calcaneus #9 Metatarsals #10
Phalanges #11
Figure 5.26

27. Arches of the Foot
Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches
Two longitudinal
One transverse

28. Arches of the Foot
Figure 5.27

29. Fallen Arches
The ligament and tendons are weakend, allowing bones to “fall”