1. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only

2. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only  Tire, wheel, and wheel bearing diagnosis  Wheel cover removal and installation  Tire maintenance  Measuring tire and wheel runout  Wheel balance  Mounting and dismounting tires  Tire puncture repair  Wheel bearing service

3. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Problems usually show up as vibrations, abnormal tread wear patterns, steering wheel pull, abnormal noises, and other symptoms

4. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Diagnosing Tire Problems  Inspect the tires for problems  Check both sidewalls and the tread area  If necessary, road test the vehicle to verify the customer complaint  Make sure the symptoms are not being caused by steering, suspension, or front wheel alignment problems

5. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Inspecting the Tires Wiggle the tire to check for dry, rough, or loose wheel bearings

6. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Tire Impact Damage Typical damage found on used tires

7. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Tire Wear Patterns

8. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Tire Inflation Problems  Correct tire inflation is important to the service life of a tire assures the full tire tread contacts the road assures the full tire tread contacts the road Most tires have a recommended cold inflation pressure of 1 to 3 pounds-per-square inch (psi) below the maximum listed air pressure. Most tires have a recommended cold inflation pressure of 1 to 3 pounds-per-square inch (psi) below the maximum listed air pressure.  Under inflation wears the outer edges of the tread wears the outer edges of the tread sidewalls flex, building up heat sidewalls flex, building up heat  Overinflation wears the center of the tread wears the center of the tread produces a rough ride produces a rough ride

9. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Tire Inflation Pressure

10. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Load Index  Load index indicates the maximum load capacity each tire is designed to support. Like speed ratings, assume near perfect operating conditions to obtain the ratings listed in the table on the left.

11. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Tire Vibration Problems  When one of the front tires is vibrating, it may be felt in the steering wheel  When one of the rear tires is vibrating, it will be felt in the center and rear of the car

12. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Causes of Tire Vibration

13. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Tire Noise  Thumping sound caused by ply separation  Whine due to abnormal tread wear  When these noises occur, inspect the tire for an out-of-round condition or tread cupping these conditions require replacement these conditions require replacement

14. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Wheel Bearing Noise  Produced by a dry, worn wheel bearing  When balls or rollers are damaged from lack of lubrication, they may emit a humming or growling sound  Checking the bearings: raise the vehicle on a lift raise the vehicle on a lift rotate the tire by hand rotate the tire by hand feel and listen for bearing roughness feel and listen for bearing roughness wiggle the tire to check for looseness wiggle the tire to check for looseness

15. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only

16. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Wheel Cover Removal Pry between the wheel and cover at four alternating points

17. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Wheel Cover Installation Hold the wheel cover in place with the valve stem sticking through the cover

18. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only  Maintenance procedures include periodic inspection, inflation pressure checks, and tire rotation  These maintenance steps help ensure safety and longer tire life

19. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Checking Tire Inflation Pressure  Remove the valve stem cap  Press the tire gauge squarely over the stem  Compare the reading to the maximum pressure printed on the tire’s sidewall or in the operator’s manual  Adjust the pressure as necessary  Reinstall the cap

20. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Tire Service Tools

21. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Rotating Tires  Ensures maximum tire life  The front and rear tires wear differently  Rotation helps even out tire wear  Tires are rotated at specific intervals, such as every 3000 miles (4827 km)

22. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Tire Rotation Patterns BIAS TIRES RADIAL TIRES

23. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only  Torque is very important, especially on vehicles with mag wheels and lightweight hubs  Overtorquing can cause wheel and hub distortion or brake pulsation  Undertorquing might allow the lug nuts to loosen and the wheel to fall off Torquing Lug Nuts

24. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Torquing Lug Nuts Torque the nuts to specifications in a crisscross pattern

25. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only  Tire runout caused by ply separation or manufacturing defect caused by ply separation or manufacturing defect  Wheel runout caused by impact damage or incorrect welding of the spider and rim caused by impact damage or incorrect welding of the spider and rim

26. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Lateral Runout  Side-to-side movement of a wheel or tire  Maximum for a tire 0.090" (2.0 mm) 0.090" (2.0 mm)  Maximum for a wheel 0.045" (1.0 mm) 0.045" (1.0 mm)

27. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Measuring Lateral Runout  Mount a dial indicator with the stem against the sidewall and side of the rim  Check the reading at several points

28. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Radial Runout  Difference in radius from the center axis of rotation (out-of-round)  Maximum for a tire 0.060" (1.5 mm) 0.060" (1.5 mm)  Maximum for a wheel 0.035" (0.9 mm) 0.035" (0.9 mm)

29. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Measuring Radial Runout  Mount a dial indicator with the stem against the tread and the lip of the rim  Check the reading at several points

30. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only  Improper wheel balance is a common cause of tire and steering wheel vibration  When one side of a tire is heavier than the other, centrifugal force tries to throw the heavy side outward when the tire is rotating

31. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Static Imbalance Caused by a heavy spot located in the center of the tire tread

32. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Dynamic Imbalance The heavy spot is to one side of the tread or on the sidewall

33. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Wheel Balancing  Wheels are balanced by adding wheel weights  Most weights are press-fit onto the wheel  Weights for some mag wheels stick onto the wheel with an adhesive backing

34. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only  Static balancing add weights opposite the heavy area of the wheel add weights opposite the heavy area of the wheel if a large amount is needed, add half to the inside and half to the outside of the wheel if a large amount is needed, add half to the inside and half to the outside of the wheel  Dynamic balancing add weights exactly where needed add weights exactly where needed the dynamic balancing machine will indicate where weight must be added the dynamic balancing machine will indicate where weight must be added Wheel Balancing

35. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Wheel Balancing

36. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only On-Car Balancing  Follow the equipment operating instructions  Wear eye protection  Remove rocks and debris from the tread  Place the vehicle on a jack stand  When using the engine to spin the drive wheels, do not exceed 35 mph (40 to 56 km/h) when one wheel is on the floor, the free wheel will turn at twice the indicated speed when one wheel is on the floor, the free wheel will turn at twice the indicated speed

37. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only On-Car Balancing With a limited-slip differential, raise both rear wheels off the floor

38. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Wheel Balancers  A wheel balancing machine is used to determine which part of a wheel assembly is heavy  Bubble balancer static balance static balance  Off-car balancer static or dynamic balance static or dynamic balance  On-car balancer static or dynamic balance static or dynamic balance

39. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Bubble Balancer The wheel and tire assembly is mounted on the machine

40. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Bubble Balancer Add weights until the bubble is centered

41. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Off-Car Balancer  The wheel and tire assembly is mounted on the machine and rotated  The machine will indicate where weights should be added  After adding weights, spin the tire again to check for vibration

42. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Off-Car Balancer

43. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only On-Car Balancer  Provides an electric motor to spin the wheel and tire assembly  An electronic pick-up unit or a hand- operated device is used to determine where weights are needed  Balances the wheel cover, brake disc, and lug nuts, along with the tire and wheel

44. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only  A tire changing machine is used to force the tire on and off the wheel prevents tire or rim damage prevents tire or rim damage reduces the labor required reduces the labor required

45. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Power head turns the bar to force the beads over the rim Tire Changing Machine

46. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Tire Changing Machine Applies tremendous force to stretch the tire bead on and off the wheel

47. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Safe Work Practices  Wear eye protection  Keep your fingers out of the way  Never mount a tire on a rim that is not smooth and clean  Always lubricate the bead and wheel flange with the proper lubricant  Only inflate a tire on the machine or in a safety cage, as recommended

48. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Safe Work Practices  Stand away from the tire when adding air; a loud “pop” sound will indicate when the beads seat  Do not exceed 40 psi (276–345 kPa) when initially inflating a tire  After inflation, install the core and inflate the tire to the recommended pressure

49. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Finding/Repairing a Leak  Inflate the tire with air  Place the tire in a drum of water, or wet the tire with a water hose  Look for air bubbles forming on the tire or around the bead at the rim  Bubbles indicate leakage  Mark the leak with a crayon or chalk  Puncture must be in the tread to be repairable  There must be adequate tread left on the tire to be repairable  Punctures through the tread can be repaired with a plug if they are not too large, but punctures to the sidewall should not be repaired.

50. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only  Wheel bearings are normally filled with grease  Modern Vehicles usually do not have serviceable wheel bearings  If the grease dries out, the bearing will fail  Some bearings on older vehicles are serviceable  Most newer bearings are sealed units  Wheel bearings on front-wheel –drive vehicles are difficult to service and require special methods or tools.

51. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Nondriving Hub and Tapered Roller Wheel Bearing Assembly

52. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Wash and dry the bearings Bearing Inspection

53. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Bearing Inspection Bearing and race problems

54. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Greasing the Bearings  Serviceable disc-brake wheel bearings require a special grease calledhigh-temperature wheel- bearing grease  Serviceable disc-brake wheel bearings require a special grease called high-temperature wheel- bearing grease  Use a packer or grease the bearing assemblies by hand  Make sure the grease is worked completely through each bearing cage and around every ball or roller

55. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Greasing the Bearings

56. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Driving Hub and Wheel Bearing Assembly

57. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Rear Hub Assembly (Non-serviceable) If bearings are dry and noisy, remove and replace the entire assembly