1. Pathological Gait

2. Excessive Plantarflexion Causes Triceps surae contracture Triceps surae spasticity Pre-tibial weakness Voluntary/compensatory 2 0 weak quadriceps

3. Loading Response Deviations FF contact  rapid foot flat (flexible ankle) FF contact sustained FF contact  foot flat (rigid ankle)  knee hyperextension FF = fore foot

4. Midstance Deviations Premature heel rise Foot flat w/ restrained tibia Fwd. trunk lean, short contralateral step

5. Terminal Stance Deviations Excessive heel rise Pelvic obliquity  high on side of deviation

6. Mid Swing Deviations Toe Drag Compensatory  hip and/or knee flexion

7. Excessive Dorsiflexion Weak triceps surae Ankle joint fusion at neutral Excessive knee flexion

8. Loading Response Deviations Higher heel rocker  knee    quad demand

9. Loading Response Deviations 2 0 Rigid AFO Rigid AFO   knee and hip flexion

10. Terminal Stance Deviations Prolonged heel contact OR  knee  w/ heel rise

11. Pre Swing Deviations Sustained heel contact   plantarflexion

12. Inadequate Knee Flexion / Excessive Extension Quadriceps weakness Pain Quadriceps spasticity Excessive ankle plantarflexion

13. Pre Swing and Initial Swing  ankle dorsiflexion w/ prolonged heel contact Toe Drag

14. Midstance when knee lacks hyperextension range Retraction of tibia (soleus) and femur (gluteus max)

15. Inadequate knee flexion 2 0 excessive plantarflexion Overall disruption of normal coordination between the knee and ankle

16. Inadequate Knee Extension / Excessive Knee Flexion Causes Hamstring spasticity Knee flexion contracture Soleus weakness Excessive ankle plantarflexion

17. Excessive Knee Flexion - Loading Response Resulting in  ankle dorsiflexion

18. Excessive Knee Flexion - Midswing As a compensation for  ankle plantarflexion

19. Inadequate Knee Extension – Midstance and Terminal Stance Accompanied w/  ankle dorsiflexion   limb and body advancement

20. Inadequate Knee Extension – Terminal Swing Loss of terminal reach

21. Inadequate Hip Extension – Excessive Hip Flexion Hip flexion contracture Iliotibial band contracture Hip flexor spasticity Pain Voluntary/Compensatory

22. Inadequate Hip Extension – TSt  step length and body advancement Contracture

23. Excessive Hip Flexion - MSw Compensation for  ankle plantarflexion

24. Inadequate Hip Flexion Hip flexor weakness Hip joint arthrodesis

25. Inadequate Hip Flexion - TSw Compensation for weak quadriceps that cannot extend the knee (flaccid knee) Rapid hip  Rapid hip /

26. Compensations for Inadequate Hip Flexion – PSw/ISw Compensatory posterior pelvic tilt

27. Compensations for Inadequate Hip Flexion – PSw/ISw Voluntary excessive (magnitude & velocity) knee flexion

28. Excessive Hip Adduction Causes: Ipsilateral abductor weakness Adduction contracture or spasticity Using adductors as hip flexors Contralateral hip abduction contracture

29. Deviations Swing  “Scissor Gait”Combined hip  & IR

30. Deviations 2 0 glute med weakness 2 0 adductor contracture or spasticity 2 0 adductors used as hip flexors

31. Excessive Hip Abduction Causes Ipsilateral abduction contracture Contralateral adduction contracture Scoliosis w/ pelvic obliquity

32. Deviations 2 0 contralateral abduction or ipsilateral adduction contracture Compensation for inadequate knee flexion

33. Excessive Hip External Rotation Causes Gluteus maximus overactivity Excessive ankle plantarflexion

34. Excessive Hip Internal Rotation Causes Medial hamstring overactivity Adductor overactivity Anterior abductor overactivity Quadriceps weakness