1. KINESIOLOGY OF WALKING
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

2. WALKING (AMBULATION)
Ideally, walking is performed efficiently to minimize fatigue and safely to prevent falls and associated injuries.
Healthy people can ambulate wile carrying on a conversation, looking in various directions, and even handling obstacles and other destabilizing forces with minimal effort.
Individuals at both ends of the lifespan experience challenges with ambulation.
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

3. WALKING AT VARIOUS STAGES IN LIFE
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

4. WALKING AT VARIOUS STAGES IN LIFE
Early in life, the young child needs 11 to 15 months to learn how to stand and walk.
By 4-5 years of age they refine the pattern of gait so that it looks like that of an adult.
Decreased strength, decreased balance, and disease in the elderly become a gait challenge.
The elderly may require a cane or walker to ambulate safely.
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

5. WALKING = INDEPENDENCE
“Nothing epitomizes a level of independence and our perception of a good quality of life more than the ability to travel independently under our own power from one place to another. We celebrate the development of this ability in children and try to nurture and sustain it throughout the lifespan.” – A. Palta
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

6. MAREY’S INSTRUMENTED SHOES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF GAIT
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

7. MURRAY USED REFLECTIVE TARGETS AND A CAMERA WITH THE SHUTTER OPEN TO ANALYZE GAIT
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

8. ANALYSIS OF HUMAN MOTION
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

9. INSTRUMENTATION IN A TYPICAL GAIT LABORATORY TO STUDY WALKING
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

10. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DESCRIPTORS
Gait Cycle
Stance and Swing Phases
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

11. GAIT CYCLE Walking is the result of a cyclic series of movements.
It can be characterized by a detailed description of the gait cycle (the fundamental unit of walking).
Foot contact typically begins with the heel.
The beginning of the gait cycle is typically referred to as heel contact or heel strike.
The 100% point or completion of the gait cycle occurs as soon as the same foot once again makes contact with the ground.
Initial contact is often used in place of heel contact.
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

12. GAIT CYCLE
A stride (synonymous with a gait cycle) is the sequence of events taking place between successive heel contacts of the same foot.
A step is the sequence of events that occurs within successive heel contacts of opposite feet (i.e. between left and right heel contacts).
A gait cycle has two steps- a left step and a right step.
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

13. GAIT CYCLE 15-6
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

14. SPATIAL DESCRIPTORS OF GAIT
Stride Length – the distance between two successive heel contacts of the same foot.
Step Length – the distance between successive heel contacts of the two different feet.
Comparing right and left step length can be useful in evaluating symmetry of gait in the lower extremities.
Step Width – step width is the lateral distance between the heel centers of two consecutive foot centers (average 8 to 10 cm).
Foot Angle – the amount of “toe-out”. The angle between the line of progression of the body and the long axis of the foot (average 5 to 7 degrees).
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

15. SPATIAL DESCRIPTORS OF GAIT 15-7
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

16. COMPONENTS OF GAIT CYCLE
Heel contact (heel strike)
Stride
Step
Stride length
Step length
Step width
Foot angle
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

17. TEMPORAL DESCRIPTORS OF GAIT
Cadence – the number of steps per minute (also called step rate).
Stride Time – the time for a full gait cycle.
Step Time – the time for completion of a right or left step.
With symmetric gait, step time can be derived from cadence.
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

18. SPATIAL-TEMPORAL DESCRIPTOR
Walking Speed
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

19. WALKING SPEED
Walking Speed combines both spatial and temporal measurements by providing information on the distance covered in a given amount of time.
The units of measure are typically meters per second (m/sec) or miles per hour (mph).
Calculating speed
Measure the time it takes to cover a given distance.
Measure the distance covered in a given amount of time.
Multiply the step rate by the step length.
Speed may be the best and most functional measurement of an individual’s walking ability.
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

20. WALKING SPEED
For healthy adults, a gait cycle (2 consecutive steps) takes slightly more than 1 second and covers approximately 1.44 m (4.5 feet).
This results in a walking speed of 1.37 m/sec.
At a freely chosen walking speed, women exhibit a slower walking speed, shorter step length, and faster cadence than men.
These differences are likely in part due to anthropometric disparities between genders; however, even when anthropometrically matched with men, women still demonstrate a higher cadence and shorter step length than men when walking at the same speed.
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

21. NORMAL VALUES FOR WALKING
Walking speed: m/sec (3 mph)
Step rate: steps/sec (110 steps/min)
Step length: 72 cm (28 inches)
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

22. METHODS TO INCREASE WALKING SPEED
Longer step length.
Shorter gait cycle (faster walking cadence).
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

23. METHODS TO INCREASE WALKING SPEED
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

24. INFLUENCE OF IMPAIRMENT ON STEP LENGTH 15-8
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

25. INFLUENCE OF IMPAIRMENT ON STEP LENGTH 15-8
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

26. ABNORMAL GATE EXAM PARKINSON’S DISEASE
Parkinsonian Gait Demonstration
This type of gait is seen with rigidity and hypokinesia from basal ganglia disease. The patient's posture is stooped forward. Gait initiation is slow and steps are small and shuffling; turning is en bloc like a statue. w 70
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

27. STANCE AND SWING PHASES
To describe the events taking place during the gait cycle, it is customary to subdivide the gait cycle from 0% to 100%.
Heel or foot contact with the ground is considered the start of the gait cycle (0%).
The next ground contact made from the same foot is considered the end of the gait cycle (100%).
A full gait cycle can be divided into two major phases.
Stance phase (from right heel contact to right toe off).
The right foot is one the ground supporting the body’s weight.
Swing phase (from right toe off to the next right heel contact).
The right foot is in the air, being advanced forward for the next contact with the ground.
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

28. SIMPLE CLINICAL MEASUREMENTS OF WALKING
Sophisticated instrumentation such as walkways and foot switches exist to make spatial and temporal measurements; however, these are not necessary.
Average walking speed can be measured using a stopwatch and a known distance.
Step length and step width can be measured using ink marks made by shoes or feet on a roll of paper covering the floor.
Documents abnormal gait patterns including asymmetry in step length.
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

29. MINIMUM STANDARDS BASED ON COMMUNITY-LIVING ACTIVITIES
Compare your results with normal values or with minimum standards required to perform a specific task (i.e. crossing the street within the time allowed by the stoplights.
Minimum standards based upon community- living activities:
The ability to walk 300 m (1000 feet) in less than 11.5 minutes (walking speed of 0.45 m/sec or 1 mph).
The ability to walk at a speed of 1.3 m/sec (3 mph) for 13 to 27 m (42 to 85 feet) to cross a street safely.
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

30. HESITANCY CROSSING THE STREET
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

31. GAIT CYCLE Stance Phase = 60% of gait cycle
Swing Phase = 40% of gait cycle
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

32. SUBDIVISION OF THE GAIT CYCLE 15-10
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

33. GAIT CYCLE: BREAKDOWN OF COMPONENTS
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

34. SUBDIVISION OF STANCE AND SWING PHASES
Five specific events are typically described during stance phase:
Heel contact
Foot flat
Mid stance
Heel off (heel rise)
Toe off
Three specific events are typically described during the swing phase:
Early swing
Mid swing
Late swing
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

35. STANCE PHASE
Heel contact – the instant the heel comes in contact with the ground (occurs at 0% of the gait cycle).
Foot flat – the instant the entire plantar surface of the foot comes in contact with the ground (occurs at approximately 8% of the gait cycle).
Mid stance – the point at which the body’s weight passes directly over the supporting lower extremity. The point when the foot of the lower extremity in the swing phase passes the lower extremity in the stance phase (feet are side by side). (occurs at 30% of the gait cycle or 50% of the stance phase)
Heel off (heel rise) – the instant the heel comes off the ground (occurs between 30% and 40% of the gait cycle).
Toe off – the instant the toes come off the ground (occurs at 60% of the gait cycle).
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

36. PUSH OFF A period referred to as push off is also often used.
This period roughly corresponds to the movement of ankle plantar flexion at 40% to 60% of the gait cycle.
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

37. SWING PHASE
Early swing – the period of time from the time of toe off to mid swing (60% to 75% of the gait cycle).
Mid swing – the time from slightly before to slightly after the mid stance event of the opposite lower extremity, when the foot of the swing limb passes next to the foot of the stance limb (75% to 85% of the gait cycle).
Late swing – the period from the end of mid swing to foot contact with the ground (85% to 100% of the gait cycle).
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

38. TERMINOLOGY DEFINING SUBDIVISIONS OF GAIT CYCLE
Phases
Events
Percentage of Cycle
Events of Opposite Limb
Stance
Heel Contact
Foot Flate
Mid Stance
Heel Off
Toe Off 8 10 30
30-40 50 60
Mid swing (25%-35%)
Swing
Early Swing
Mid Swing
Late Swing
60-75
75-85
85-100 90
100
Mid-stance (80%)
Heel off (80-90%)
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

39. GAIT CYCLE - PERRY
8 events
7 Periods
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

40. EVENTS OF GAIT CYCLE - PERRY
Initial contact
Opposite toe off
Heel rise
Opposite initial contact
Toe off
Feet adjacent
Tibia vertical
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

41. PERIODS OF GAIT CYCLE - PERRY
Stance phase
Loading response
mid stance
Terminal stance
Pre swing
Swing phase
Initial swing
Mid swing
Terminal swing
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

42. EVENTS OF GAIT CYCLE 15-12
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

43. NORMAL GAIT https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYVyoFdJHd U
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

44. ABNORMAL GAIT
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Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

45. DISPLACEMENT AND CONTROL OF THE BODY’S CENTER OF MASS
Walking can be described as a series of losses and recoveries of balance.
Ambulation is initiated by allowing the body to lean forward.
For a fall to be prevented, momentary recovery of balance is achieved by moving either foot forward to a new location.
Once gait is initiated, the body’s forward momentum carries the center of mass (CoM) of the body beyond the foot’s new location, necessitating a step forward with the other foot.
Ambulation stops when foot placement stops the forward momentum of the body.
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

46. DISPLACEMENT OF THE CENTER OF MASS
The body’s center of mass (CoM) is located just anterior to the second sacral vertebra, but the best visualization of the movement of the CoM is by tracking the displacement of the head or torso.
The most notable displacement of the body during gait is in the forward direction; however, displacement also occurs in the vertical and side- to-side directions.
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

47. DISPLACEMENT OF CENTER OF MASS
Total Vertical Displacement: 5 cm
Total side-to-side displacement: 4 cm
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

48. CENTER OF MASS DISPLACEMENT 15-13
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

49. TRANSFER BETWEEN KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGY DURING GAIT 15-14
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

50. EXCESSIVE DROP OF ILIAC CREST FROM WEAK GLUTEUS MEDIUS 15-18
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

51. INCREASED ENERGY COST OF WALKING WITH SPECIFIC CONDITIONS 15-4
Immobilization of one ankle
3-6
Immobilization of one knee in full extension
23-33
Immobilization of one knee at 45 degrees of flexion 37
Immobilization of one hip, arthrodesis 32
Unilateral transtibial amputation, walking with prosthesis
20-38
Unilateral transfemoral amputation, walking with prosthesis
20-60
Postcerebrovascular accident 55
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

52. PATH OF THE CENTER OF PRESSURE 15-32
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

53. GAIT DYSFUNCTIONS
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

54. CAUSES OF PATHOLOGIC GAIT PATTERNS
Pain
Central Nervous System Disorders
Musculoskeletal System Impairments
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

55. ANKLE PLANTAR FLEXION CONTRACTURE
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

56. WEAK ANKLE DORSIFLEXORS
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

57. EXCESSIVE ANKLE PLANTAR FLEXION
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

58. WEAK QUADRICEPS LEADING TO ANTERIOR TRUNK LEAN
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

59. KNEE FLEXION CONTRACTURE RESULTING IN CROUCHED GAIT OF THE STANCE LIMB
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

60. HIP CIRCUMDUCTION DURING SWING
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

61. ATAXIC GAIT DEMONSTRATION
The patient's gait is wide-based with truncal instability and irregular lurching steps which results in lateral veering and if severe, falling. This type of gait is seen in midline cerebellar disease. It can also be seen with severe lose of proprioception (sensory ataxia)
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Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

62. NORMAL AND ABNORMAL GAIT SERIES
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Dr. Michael P. Gillespie