1. CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
CPR

2. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
CPR is a proven technique to administer basic life support to a patient whose heart has stopped beating.
CPR consists of artificial respiration which supplies oxygen to the blood and heart compressions which supply blood to the body.

3. Automated External Defibrillator (AED)
Device that generates an electric shock
AED analyses the patient’s heart rhythm and indicates if an electric shock would be beneficial
While in an abnormal rhythm, the heart does not effectively pump blood throughout the body
CPR and early defibrillation give the best chance of survival

4. Pulse Check in CPR Carotid Artery - Adult/Child
Brachial Artery- Infant
Pulse check is only taught to trained responders
If the patient is unresponsive and not breathing, and you don’t find a pulse after 10 sec, you must conclude the patient is in cardiac arrest. You should immediately begin CPR and AED without further delay.

5. Landmarking-Adult
With the hand closest to the head, place the heel of that hand on the sternum in the centre of the chest. Make sure it is not on the xiphoid process.
Place the heel of the other hand on top of the first hand.
Interlace the fingers to keep them off the chest.
Landmark every time you remove your
hands from an adult patient’s chest.

6. Landmarking-Child
Place the heel of one hand on the sternum in the centre of the chest. Make sure it is not on the xiphoid process.
Only the heel of the hand should be in contact with the chest.
For the child, you administer cardiac compressions with one or two hands - as needed
Subsequent landmarking is
done visually.

7. Landmarking-Infant
Place two fingers in the middle of the infant's chest between the nipples
Slide your fingers to just below the nipple line
Administer chest compressions with the two fingers

8. Depth of Compressions Adult, Child and Infant:
Compress the chest down one third to one half it’s depth

9. Cardiac Compression and Ventilation Ratios
Groups (yr.)
Single Rescuer CPR
Two Rescuer CPR
Compression Rates
Adult (>8 yrs)
30 comp.
2 ventilations
100 per minute
Child
(1-8 yrs)
Infant
(<1 yrs)

10. One Rescuer CPR, Adult Scene survey Establish unresponsiveness
Activate EMS
Open airway
Check for breathing
If absent, check pulse
If absent, landmark
30 compressions + 2 breaths
100 compressions per minute
repeat 5 sets of 30:2, reassess
NOTE: use AED ASAP

11. Two Rescuer CPR - Adult or Child
Survey the scene
Rescuer 1 is performing CPR
Rescuer 2 will identify him/her self & checks that EMS has been activated
Rescuer 1 complete 30:2 cycle then reassess vitals - no more than 10 sec.
Rescuer 2 co-operates with Rescuer 1 with reassessment
if no visible signs:
One rescuer now performs chest compressions
The other now administer rescue breaths
Rescuer 1 and 2 will change positions with little interruption every few minutes

12. One Rescuer CPR - Child Scene survey Establish unresponsiveness
Activate EMS (if alone, do 2 min of
CPR before EMS)
Open airway
Check for breathing,
if absent, check for pulse
if absent, landmark
30 compressions + 2 breaths
100 compressions per minute
repeat 5 sets of 30:2 reassess

13. One Rescuer CPR - Infant
Scene survey
Establish unresponsiveness
Activate EMS (if alone - 2 min of
CPR before EMS)
Open airway
Check for breathing,
if absent, check for pulse
if absent, landmark
30 compressions + 2 breaths
100+ compressions per minute
Repeat 5 sets of 30:2, reassess

15. Do Not Resuscitate (DNR)
Decapitated
In Rigor Mortis
Incinerated
Eviscerated
Decayed
Prolonged submersion (days of decomposition)
Ordered not to by a physician or police officer

16. Key Points Use an even squeezing motion when doing the compressions
CPR should never be interrupted for more than 10 seconds
Always release pressure between compressions
Maintain contact with the skin at all times
For adults/child
interlace fingers of both hands or extend them straight out to give a straight, downward pressure on the sternum

17. Key Points Expect some damage to the patient’s chest while doing CPR.
Injuries to the chest area can be life-threatening if they result in damage to either the heart or lungs, or cause severe internal bleeding.
Responders may require CISM support after performing CPR

18. Chain of Survival Healthy Choices Recognition of Warning Signs
Early Access to the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) System
Early CPR
Early Defibrillation
Early Advanced Care
Early Rehabilitation

19. Health Care Provider Level (HCP)
EMS activation: if the patient is suffering respiratory arrest, if alone the HCP should do 5 cycles of CPR before calling EMS
HCP would do two breaths before compressions are started
Two rescuer CPR on children or infants will be done at rate of 15:2 when using a BVM

20. Health Care Provider Level (HCP)
Aged guidelines are:
Infant: up to one year of age
Child: 1 yr to puberty
Adult: after puberty
Infant compressions may be delivered using the two thumbs with hands encircling the chest
Puberty is defined as the onset of facial hair in males, and th development of breast tissue in females.