1. The Ankle

2. ANATOMY OF THE ANKLE

3. Range of Motion/Strength Test  Inversion  Eversion  Plantar Flexion  Dorsiflexion

4. INJURY: FRACTURE CAUSESIGNS/ SYMPTOMS TREATMENTSPECIAL TEST(S) COMBINATION OF PLANTAR FLEXION AND EVERSION JUMP AND LAND SWELLING POINT TENDERNESS DECREASED ROM MODERATE TO SEVERE PAIN WITH WEIGHT SPLINT ICE (IF TOLERATED) CRUTCHES REFER COMPRESSION DISTRACTION VIBRATION PERCUSSION

5. INJURY: DISLOCATION/SUBLUXATION CAUSESIGNS/ SYMPTOMS TREATMENTSPECIAL TEST(S) * TWISTING MOTION COMPLETE LOSS OF FUNCTION SEVERE PAIN SWELLING DEFORMITY SPLINT ICE (IF TOLERATED) CRUTCHES REFER

6. INJURY: CONTUSION CAUSESIGNS/ SYMPTOMS TREATMENTSPECIAL TEST(S) DIRECT BLOWS IMPROPERLY FITTED SHOES HEEL CONTUSIONS WITH JUMPING SPORTS POINT TENDERNESS BRUISING MAY SWELL ICE REST DONUT OR HEEL PAD US AFTER 72 HOURS

7. INJURY: SPRAINS CAUSESIGNS/ SYMPTOMS TREATMENTSPECIAL TEST(S) MOST COMMON INJURY TO THE BODY 85% CAUSED BY INVERSION ANY MOTION THAT CAUSES ANKLE TO TURN INWARD REFER TO CHART FOR GRADE 1, 2 & 3 RICE GRADE 2/3 – CRUTCHES, BOOT, REFERRAL AFTER 72 HOURS – US, STIM, MASSAGE TALAR TILT: INVERSION EVERSION ANTERIOR DRAWER ATF LIGAMENT (ANTERIOR TALOFIBULAR)

8. INJURY: ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURE CAUSESIGNS/ SYMPTOMS TREATMENTSPECIAL TEST(S) ABRUPT STOPS AND STARTS SUCH AS A QUICK PUSH OFF OR SUDDEN BACK PEDDLING COMMON IF OVER 30 AND HAVE HISTORY OF TENDONITIS FEELS A SUDDEN SNAP THAT FEELS LIKE A HIT/KICK TO CALF IMMEDIATE PAIN SWELLING DEFORMITY COMPLETE = LOSS OF MOTION RICE SPLINT IN PLANTAR FLEXION CRUTCHES REFERRAL SURGERY IF COMPLETE THOMPSON TEST

9. INJURY: TENDONITIS CAUSESIGNS/ SYMPTOMS TREATMENTSPECIAL TEST(S) OVER STRETCHING OR OVER USE NOT PROPERLY CONDITIONED, WARMED-UP, OR STRETCHED CHRONIC SORENESS THROBBING, BURNING, ACHING PAIN WITH DORSIFLEXION PAIN WITH PLANTAR FLEXION AGAINST RESISTANCE MILD SWELLING CREPITATION ICE US COMPRESSION SLEEVE

10. INJURY: BURSITIS CAUSESIGNS/ SYMPTOMS TREATMENTSPECIAL TEST(S) REPEATED STRESS LACK OF PROPER TRAINING PERSISTENT ACHING THAT IS AGGRAVATED WITH ACTIVITY MILD SWELLING IF NO SWELLING, APPLY MOIST HEAT IF SWELLING PRESENT, ICE

11. INJURY: INGROWN TOENAIL CAUSESIGNS/ SYMPTOMS TREATMENTSPECIAL TEST(S) SKIN EXTENDS OVER THE EDGE OF THE NAIL WHILE NAIL GROWS INTO NAIL BED SHOES FIT TOO TIGHT TOENAILS TRIMMED INCORRECTLY PAIN POSSIBLE INFECTION SOAK IN WARM SALT-WATER CUT A “V”, CENTERED IN TOP EDGE OF NAIL POSSIBLE REFERRAL

12. INJURY: ATHLETE’S FOOT CAUSESIGNS/ SYMPTOMS TREATMENTSPECIAL TEST(S) FUNGAL CONDITION BUILDUP OF MOISTURE AND HEAT IN DARKNESS EXTREME ITCHING POSSIBLE RASH, PIMPLES, OR BLISTERS IF BLISTERS/PIMPLE S OPEN, A YELLOWISH SERUM WILL COME OUT AFTER SHOWERING, MAKE SURE FEET ARE DRY AND POWDERED BEFORE PUTTING ON SHOES/SOCKS OTC ANTIFUNGAL CREAM (TINACTIN) POSSIBLE REFERRAL AFTER 2 WEEKS

13. INJURY: PLANTAR FASCIITIS CAUSESIGNS/ SYMPTOMS TREATMENTSPECIAL TEST(S) INFLAMMATION OF FIBROUS MEMBRANES SUPPORTING, COVERING AND SEPERATING THE MUSCLES OF THE FOOT CAUSED BY REPEATED STANDING ON TOES, RESULTING IN STRESS AND TIGHTNESS POINT TENDERNESS ON BOTTOM OF FOOT PAIN WITH HEEL RAISES SHOOTING PAIN FROM HEEL UP THE FOOT WHEN WAKE UP IN THE MORNING AND FIRST WALK ICE MASSAGE US MASSAGE STRETCHING TAPING/ SUPPORT